show how to convert cyclohexanol to these compounds?
a) cyclohexene
b) cyclohexane
c) cyclohexanone
d) bromocyclohexane
I suggest you look in your text, or notes, under "reactions of cyclohexanol" or " reactions of cycloalcohols." For starters, can cyclohexanol be dehydrated with something like H2SO4 to make the alkene without degrading the cyclic ring? If so that will make the hexene. Then hydrogenate that to make the cyclohexane. Don't alcohols produce ketones when oxidized? Does Br2 add to cyclohexane the same way Br2 adds to benzene?
To convert cyclohexanol to various compounds, we will need to use different chemical reactions. Let's go through each conversion:
a) To convert cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, we can use an elimination reaction called dehydration. This reaction is typically performed by heating cyclohexanol with a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The steps to convert cyclohexanol to cyclohexene are as follows:
Step 1: Add a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), to a round-bottom flask or reaction vessel.
Step 2: Slowly add cyclohexanol to the flask while stirring the mixture.
Step 3: Heat the reaction mixture to a moderate temperature (usually around 160-180°C) for a certain period (e.g., 1-3 hours).
Step 4: After the reaction is complete, cool down the mixture and extract the organic product. Cyclohexene is typically less dense than water, so it will separate into a separate layer.
Step 5: Purify the product by distillation or other appropriate methods.
b) To convert cyclohexanol to cyclohexane, we need to perform a hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen gas (H2) to break the double bond and turn the alkene (cyclohexene) into an alkane (cyclohexane). The steps involved are as follows:
Step 1: Add cyclohexanol to a hydrogenation apparatus or reactor.
Step 2: Provide a suitable catalyst, such as palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt), to facilitate the hydrogenation reaction.
Step 3: Ensure a controlled environment to prevent unwanted side reactions, and apply pressure (typically 1-10 atmospheres) of hydrogen gas (H2) to the reaction mixture.
Step 4: Heat the mixture to an appropriate temperature (often around 100-250°C) for a certain duration (varying depending on the conditions).
Step 5: Once the reaction is complete, cool the mixture and separate the desired product, cyclohexane, by filtration or distillation.
c) To convert cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, an oxidation reaction is necessary. One common oxidation method is the reaction with an oxidizing agent, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Here's the procedure:
Step 1: Dissolve cyclohexanol in a suitable solvent, such as water or ethanol, in a reaction vessel.
Step 2: Add a measured amount of the oxidizing agent, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4), to the reaction mixture.
Step 3: Stir the mixture at an appropriate temperature (e.g., room temperature or reflux) for a sufficient period.
Step 4: After the reaction is complete, extract the organic product, cyclohexanone, and separate it from the reaction mixture using appropriate techniques such as filtration or distillation.
d) To convert cyclohexanol to bromocyclohexane, we need to perform a substitution reaction with a halogen, typically bromine (Br2), using a suitable solvent such as acetic acid or dichloromethane. Here's the process:
Step 1: Dissolve or suspend cyclohexanol in a solvent, such as acetic acid or dichloromethane, in a reaction vessel.
Step 2: Add the bromine (Br2) dropwise to the reaction mixture while stirring, aiming to keep the temperature below room temperature.
Step 3: Continue stirring the mixture for a sufficient duration, allowing the bromine to react with cyclohexanol.
Step 4: After the reaction is complete, separate the organic product, bromocyclohexane, from the reaction mixture using techniques such as filtration or distillation.
Note: It is essential to follow proper safety precautions when working with hazardous chemicals and reactions. Working in a well-ventilated area, wearing appropriate protective gear, and following established protocols is crucial.