1. Pouring liquid nitrogen onto a balloon decreases the volume of the balloon dramatically. Afterward, the balloon reinflates. Use the kinetic theory to explain teis sequence of events. Temperature of liquid nitrogen is -196 degrees C.
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The sequence of events involving pouring liquid nitrogen onto a balloon and then witnessing a decrease in volume followed by reinflation can be explained using the kinetic theory of gases.
According to the kinetic theory, gases consist of tiny particles, such as atoms or molecules, that are in constant random motion. When a gas is cooled, the average kinetic energy of its particles decreases, resulting in a decrease in temperature. So, by pouring liquid nitrogen, which has a very low temperature of -196 degrees Celsius, onto the balloon, the gas inside the balloon begins to cool down rapidly.
As the gas particles cool, their average speed and kinetic energy decrease. This decrease in kinetic energy translates to a decrease in pressure exerted by the gas, according to the ideal gas law (P ∝ T, where P is pressure and T is temperature). As a result, the pressure inside the balloon decreases, causing the balloon to shrink or decrease in volume.
However, as the liquid nitrogen begins to evaporate, it turns back into a gas. This process is called vaporization. The gas particles from the evaporating liquid nitrogen mix with the gas particles inside the balloon, increasing the number of particles present. Consequently, the collisions between gas particles become more frequent, leading to an increase in the average kinetic energy and therefore, an increase in temperature.
Since temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of gas particles, the increase in temperature causes the average kinetic energy of the gas particles inside the balloon to rise. As a result, the pressure inside the balloon increases, and the balloon starts to reinflate or expand back to its original volume.
So, in summary, pouring liquid nitrogen onto a balloon cools down the gas inside, resulting in a decrease in volume due to a decrease in pressure. However, as the liquid nitrogen evaporates and increases the number of gas particles, the average kinetic energy and temperature increase, leading to an increase in pressure and causing the balloon to reinflate.