How does a semiconductor differ from a conductor or an insulator?

Also, how does the flow of current differ from a superconductor compared with the flow in ordinary conductors?

A semiconductor differs from a conductor and an insulator in terms of their electrical conductivity properties. To understand the differences, let's start by discussing each type:

1. Conductor: A conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current with very low resistance. In conductors, the valence electrons (outermost electrons) are loosely bound to their atoms and can move easily from one atom to another. Examples of conductors include metals like copper, silver, and aluminum.

2. Insulator: An insulator is a material that does not allow the flow of electric current easily. In insulators, the valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms and cannot move freely. As a result, insulators have high electrical resistance and do not conduct electricity well. Examples of insulators include rubber, glass, and plastic.

3. Semiconductor: A semiconductor is a material that has intermediate electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. In semiconductors, the valence electrons are bound moderately to their atoms. This means that under certain conditions, they can be "excited" and become available to conduct electric current.

The conductivity of a semiconductor can be influenced by factors such as temperature and impurities. At low temperatures, semiconductors act more like insulators as the electrons are tightly bound. As the temperature increases, some of these electrons gain enough energy to move, creating charge carriers and allowing the flow of electric current.

Semiconductors also have the unique capability to be "doped" with impurities, which can either increase or decrease their conductivity. When a small amount of impurities is added to a semiconductor, it is called doping. Doping can introduce excess electrons (n-type doping) or "holes" (p-type doping) into the semiconductor, making it more conductive.

In summary, while conductors have high conductivity and insulators have low conductivity, semiconductors exhibit an intermediate level of electrical conductivity that can be controlled through factors like temperature and doping.