How did both Ganhi's nationlist movement in India and Kemal's in Turkey differ in terms of their methods of protest and their attitudes toward the West and what actions did each call for the people to take?
To understand the differences between Gandhi's nationalist movement in India and Kemal's in Turkey, we need to examine their methods of protest and their attitudes toward the West, as well as the actions they called for their people to take. Here's a breakdown of each aspect:
1. Methods of Protest:
- Gandhi's Movement in India: Gandhi's approach to protest was rooted in nonviolent civil disobedience and peaceful resistance. Through methods such as strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations, he encouraged Indians to resist British rule while maintaining strict nonviolence. Key strategies included satyagraha (truth-force) and ahimsa (non-violence), which aimed to achieve political goals through moral force.
- Kemal's Movement in Turkey: Kemal Atatürk took a different approach in the Turkish nationalist movement. His methods were more focused on military and political action rather than nonviolent protest. He led armed resistance against foreign occupation during the Turkish War of Independence and later established a new government through military campaigns and political reforms.
2. Attitudes toward the West:
- Gandhi's Movement in India: Gandhi's attitude toward the West was complex. While he admired certain aspects of Western civilization, such as its democracy and values of freedom, he staunchly criticized British colonialism and its oppressive policies in India. Gandhi's aim was to seek independence from British rule while urging Indians to embrace traditional cultural values and reject Western materialism.
- Kemal's Movement in Turkey: Atatürk's attitude toward the West was more pragmatic. He viewed the Western nations as models of progress and modernization that Turkey needed to emulate in order to become a strong and independent nation. Atatürk implemented a series of Western-inspired reforms in various aspects of society, including legal, educational, and cultural spheres, in an effort to modernize Turkey and break away from traditional Islamic practices.
3. Actions Called for by the Leaders:
- Gandhi's Movement in India: Gandhi called for the Indian people to participate in acts of civil disobedience, including nonviolent protests, marches, boycotts, and noncooperation with British authorities. He emphasized self-reliance, self-discipline, and individual responsibility as means to attain Swaraj (self-rule) and achieve independence from British rule.
- Kemal's Movement in Turkey: Atatürk called for the Turkish people to actively engage in armed resistance against foreign occupation during the Turkish War of Independence. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, he urged the population to support his reforms, including secularization, modernization, and embracing Western values. His aims were to transform Turkey into a modern, secular, and Western-oriented nation.
In summary, Gandhi's nationalist movement in India primarily relied on nonviolent civil disobedience as a means to attain independence, with a critical perspective on British colonialism and an emphasis on traditional values. On the other hand, Kemal's movement in Turkey involved military action and political reforms to achieve independence and modernize the country with inspiration from the West.
I suggest you look up Mohandas Gandhi and Mustafa Kemal in an encyclopedia. Online line encyclopedias include Wikipedia.com and http://encarta.msn.com/
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