What are the features of Sociology that distinguish it from everyday speculation on social life?Why did they emerge at the time they did in the 19 th century?
This site has some good answers to your first question.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology
I don't know who you mean by "they" in your second question.
The features of sociology that distinguish it from everyday speculation on social life include:
1. Systematic Study: Sociology employs a scientific approach to studying society. It involves rigorous data collection, analysis, and the use of theories and methodologies to understand social phenomena.
2. Objective Analysis: Sociologists strive to maintain objectivity in their study of society. They aim to uncover the underlying patterns and structures that shape human behavior, rather than relying on personal biases or subjective interpretations.
3. Use of Theory: Sociology utilizes various theories and concepts to explain social phenomena. These theories provide frameworks for understanding and predicting social behavior, helping to identify patterns and relationships.
4. Empirical Research: Sociologists rely on empirical evidence gathered through systematic observation, surveys, interviews, experiments, and other research methods. This empirical research provides a foundation for sociological knowledge, distinguishing it from mere speculation.
As for your second question, if by "they" you are referring to the emergence of sociology in the 19th century, there are several reasons for its development during this time:
1. Industrial Revolution: The 19th century witnessed significant social and economic changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Urbanization, technological advancements, and new modes of production disrupted traditional social structures, thus sparking an interest in understanding these changes.
2. Social Inequality: The rapid industrialization also led to increased social inequality, economic disparities, and the emergence of social problems. Sociologists, such as Karl Marx, focused on analyzing the causes and consequences of these inequalities, fueling the development of sociology.
3. Enlightenment Ideals: The 18th-century Enlightenment period emphasized reason, progress, and individual rights. These ideals promoted a questioning of traditional authorities and a desire for a scientific understanding of society, setting the stage for the emergence of sociology in the subsequent century.
4. Academic Development: The establishment of universities and academic disciplines created a conducive environment for the growth of sociological thought. Scholars began to study society systematically, attracting attention from various intellectuals and contributing to the formalization of sociological inquiry.
It is important to note that these factors provide a broad explanation for the emergence of sociology in the 19th century. The development of sociology was also influenced by individual thinkers, social movements, and historical events, all of which contributed to its establishment as a distinct field of study.