If someone colud help with these questions I would be very greatful, Ive been trying for awhile now and Im at my ropes end.
1)The perfectly competitive ice cream industry is assumed to be in long-run equilibrium. Suppose there is an increase in the market demand for ice cream. Assume in your answers that input prices for all firms in the industry don't change when new firms enter or existing firms leave the industry. In the new LONG-RUN equilibrium compared to the original long-run equilibrium, it will be true that______.
2)The perfectly competitive ice cream industry is assumed to be in long-run equilibrium. Suppose there is an increase in the market demand for ice cream. Assume in your answers that input prices for all firms in the industry don't change when new firms enter or existing firms leave the industry. In the new LONG-RUN equilibrium, it will be true that for the typical firm______.
3)The perfectly competitive ice cream industry is assumed to be in long-run equilibrium. Suppose there is an increase in the market demand for ice cream. Assume in your answers that input prices for all firms in the industry don't change when new firms enter or existing firms leave the industry. In the SHORT-RUN, the new equilibrium will be one in which______.
A simple supply/demand problem.
Start by drawing your supply and demand curves. Then show an increase in demand (demand curves shifts out).
1) Price goes up, quantity goes up.
In the short-run, firms will only have a limited ability to increase output. So, a firm's short-run supply curve is relatively inelastic (i.e., steep). So, with an increase in demand,
3) the price received by the firm goes up, profits go up, and the firm tries to respond by increasing output as best it can.
However, in the longer run, a firm can do a lot of things. In particular, it can expand plant and equipment. So, the long-run supply curve is more elastic (flatter).
2) A firm will increase output by an amount more than the short-run increase.
What are the determinants of elasticity of demand and supply?
Having problems trying to figure these out
Question 4. (50 points)
In an auction in the market for wholesale electricity, producers of electricity submit bids
for each generator that they operate. The bid is the minimum price the operator of the
generator is willing to accept for before it will turn it on to supply power to the electricity
grid. To keep the numbers simple, assume that each generator produces one unit of
electricity. In the table below, we see that the operator of generator G1 has put in a bid
for $3. This means that if the price is $3 or more, generator G1 will be switched on. At a
price of $2.99 or below, it will be switched off.
In a double auction, buyers also submit bids. Again, to keep the numbers simple,
assume that each buyer puts in a bid for one unit of power. In the table below, we see
that buyer B1 has submitted a bid to purchase one unit at $14. This means if the price is
$14 or less it will buy one unit. At a price of $14.01 or more, the buyer won’t take any
electricity.
(a) You are the Independent System Operator (ISO) in an electricity market. You
have received the bid information in the table below. Clear the market, i.e. pick P, Q,
and Who. (The “Who” answers which generators produce and which buyers get
electricity.) Obtain your answer two ways. First, make a table. Second, plot the
information on a graph. Either use graph paper to make your graph by hand or use Excel.
Generators Bid
(Offer to sell in $ )
Buyers Bid
(Offer to purchase in $)
G1 3 B1 14
G2 10 B2 4
G3 1 B3 10
G4 5 B4 2
G5 12 B5 15
G6 3 B6 2
G7 1 B7 1
G8 12 B8 15
G9 3 B9 1
G10 4 B10 12
(b) Suppose Acme Power owns generators G1 through G5. Suppose Giant Electric owns
generators G6 through G10. Calculate the revenues each receives as a result of the
auction. (This is the quantity each firm sells times the market price). Suppose that the
bids that are submitted equal the true cost to these firms of operating the individual
generators. Calculate the profit (revenue minus costs) that each firm receives as a result
of the auction.
Background for Part (c)
Auctions work very well when there are a large number of different bidders. However, if
there are only a small number of firms making bids, they can be subject to manipulation.
To illustrate this point, we look at how Acme and Giant might try to manipulate things in
the auction above. (There is evidence that something like this actually happened in
California.)
Regulators have some idea of the fuel costs for producing electricity out of a
given generator. If Acme were to offer a bid of $1000 for operating G1 when the cost is
known to be around $3, this might attract unwanted attention from regulators. Suppose
instead Acme were to say a generator was down for maintenance, even if there was
nothing wrong with it. Acme might be able to get away with this without attracting
notice.
(c) Specifically, suppose Acme and Giant work out the following deal before submitting
bids. Acme says generator G1 is broken, so doesn’t submit a bid for G1. Giant says
generators G6 and G9 are broken. So scratch out G1, G6, G9 in the table above. All
other bids remain the same. Clear the market with both a table and a graph. Calculate
the new price and quantity. Calculate the profit each firm receives as a result of the
manipulation. Do your calculations suggest this manipulation by Acme and Giant is a
good move if they can get away with it?
5. (20 points) Elasticity
(a) Use the information below to calculate an estimate of the short-run price elasticity of
demand for gasoline. Four months of data are reported, but you only need to use two of
them. Think carefully about which ones you should use.
(b) To calculate a price elasticity of demand, we look at the effect of changing price
while holding everything else affecting demand fixed. List two things that you are
holding fixed in your calculation. List two other things that are not being held fixed in
your calculation that could potentially be a problem for your estimate.
Table 5a Gasoline Shipments in the United States, Various Months
Date
Gasoline
Shipped
(Millions
of Gallons
per Day)
Average
Price
($ per
gallon)
Apr-2004 375.7 183.9
Sep-2004 374.5 191.2
Dec-2004 393.7 188.7
Sep-2005 369.8 295.1
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
Table 5b Population of the United States
Year Population
(millions)
2004 293.7
2005 296.4
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
i need to know what differentiation, expectations mean an what are the determinants of supply and demand
Question 18 of 20
5.0 Points
On a linear demand curve, demand is ________ at the middle of the demand curve than it is at small quantities.
A. equally elastic
B. more elastic
C. less elastic
D. impossible to tell
Differentiation refers to the process of distinguishing a product or service from others in the market by highlighting unique features or qualities. It involves creating a perceived value for customers that sets the product apart and makes it more desirable compared to competitors. Differentiation can be achieved through various factors such as product design, quality, functionality, brand reputation, customer service, and pricing strategies.
Expectations, in the context of economics, refer to the anticipated future conditions and outcomes that influence the behavior of consumers, producers, and markets. Expectations can impact demand and supply by influencing buying decisions, production plans, and market dynamics. For example, if consumers expect the price of a product to increase in the future, they may buy more of it now, leading to an increase in demand. Similarly, if producers expect higher profits in the future, they may ramp up production, increasing supply.
The determinants of supply and demand are factors that influence the quantity of a product or service that consumers are willing to buy (demand) and the quantity that producers are willing to sell (supply). For demand, the determinants include:
1) Price: The price of the product itself.
2) Consumer income: The income level of consumers, which affects their purchasing power.
3) Prices of related goods: The prices of substitute goods (products that can be used in place of the original product) or complementary goods (products that are used together with the original product).
4) Consumer preferences: Consumer tastes, preferences, and expectations.
5) Population: The size and demographics of the population, which determine the number of potential buyers.
For supply, the determinants include:
1) Price: The price of the product itself.
2) Input costs: The costs of resources, like raw materials, labor, and capital, needed to produce the goods or services.
3) Productivity: The efficiency and output of the production process.
4) Technology: The level of technological advancement and innovation in the production process.
5) Number of sellers: The number of firms or suppliers in the market.
These determinants influence the supply and demand curves, shifting them to the right or left, and ultimately affect the equilibrium price and quantity in the market.