1. Dogs can't see some colors.

2. Dogs can't see several colors.
3. Dogs can't see a few colors.
4. Dogs can't see any colors.
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Are they all grammatical? Can we use 'some,' 'several,' or 'a few,' together with 'not'?

I would use 1 and 4, depending on what's true.

For 2 and 3, your listener is probably waiting for you to name the colors dogs can see and those they can't see!