illustrating with two named disease, describe their clinical signs and give confirmative diagnoses of each using pathognomic signs
black leg
BRUCELLOSIS
google each of those. You will find all you ever wanted on the internet.
Mad Cow Disease
Anthrax
Q Fever
Rabies
Google those and choose all ya like
Certainly! I can provide an example of two diseases along with their clinical signs and confirmatory diagnoses, while also explaining how to identify the pathognomonic signs. Let's consider two diseases - Parkinson's disease and Dengue fever.
1. Parkinson's Disease:
Clinical Signs:
- Resting tremors: Involuntary shaking of hands, arms, legs, or jaw, predominantly at rest.
- Bradykinesia: Slowness of movements and difficulty in initiating or stopping voluntary movements.
- Rigidity: Stiffness and resistance during limb movements.
- Postural instability: Impaired balance and coordination, leading to unsteadiness while standing or walking.
Confirmatory Diagnosis:
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is primarily clinical and based on the presentation of characteristic signs and symptoms. However, there are no pathognomonic signs that can definitively confirm Parkinson's disease. Instead, the diagnosis is made by excluding other conditions with similar features and considering the patient's medical history and response to medication.
2. Dengue Fever:
Clinical Signs:
- Sudden high fever (up to 104°F or 40°C).
- Severe headaches, especially behind the eyes.
- Joint and muscle pain.
- Rash: Typically a bright red petechial or maculopapular rash may appear after two to five days of fever.
- Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and mild bleeding (e.g., nosebleeds or easy bruising).
Confirmatory Diagnosis:
To confirm a diagnosis of Dengue fever, laboratory tests are typically required. The most common diagnostic test is the serologic detection of specific antibodies against the dengue virus in the patient's blood. Pathognomonic signs specific to Dengue fever are the detection of the virus itself using molecular techniques (e.g., polymerase chain reaction - PCR) or the identification of specific viral proteins (NS1 antigen) during the acute phase of the illness.
It is important to note that pathognomonic signs, which are highly specific and characteristic for a particular disease, are not always present or readily available for every condition. In many cases, clinical presentation, patient history, and diagnostic tests are combined to reach a conclusive diagnosis.