1)Provide the name and chemical symbol of 4 chemical elements you find in the human body. Select 1 of the 4 chemical elements, make the drawing of the atom and label the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons.

2)Make a drawing showing the molecular structure (it represents/shows how the atoms are arranged) of the following chemical compounds: a)Carbohydrates, b)Proteins, c)Lipids, d)Nucleic acids. Make sure you label the functional groups of each organic molecules
3)Make a drawing of the molecule of ATP . Make sure to indicate the 3 components of ATP.
4)Provide an example of chemical equations considered a) synthesis, b)decomposition and c) exchange reaction

5)Write 2 differences and similarities between a)chemical elements and compounds b)the ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonding c)acids and bases d) three different types of mixtures e)hydropilic/polar and hydrophobic/non polar molecules

6)What is metabolism? Dehydation synthesis is a catabolic or anabolic reaction? why? Hydrolysis is a catabolic or anabolic reaction? why?

7) What is the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions? Are these changes related to the energy content in the molecule? why?
8)Provide a list of 3 factors that affect chemical reactions. For each of these factors explain how they affect the speed or direction of a chemical reaction
9)Explain the biological importance of water. Make sure to provide at least 3 properties of water in your explanation
10)What is pH and what is the importance of acids and bases in the human body?

1) Four chemical elements commonly found in the human body are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Let's choose carbon (C) as an example.

To draw the atom of carbon (C), you would start by drawing a circle to represent the nucleus in the center. Label it as the "nucleus." Inside the nucleus, draw small circles to represent the protons and neutrons. Label the protons as "+p" and the neutrons as "n."

Next, draw larger circles outside the nucleus to represent the electrons. Carbon has 6 electrons, so you would draw 6 circles. Label the outer circles as "-e" to represent the electrons' negative charge.

Remember that the number of protons is equal to the atomic number of the element, and the number of electrons is also equal to the atomic number in an electrically neutral atom.

2) Drawing the molecular structure of organic compounds can be complex. Here's a simplified representation of the molecular structures and functional groups of each:

a) Carbohydrates: Represented by a chain of carbon atoms, with hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to each carbon. Draw the functional group "OH" attached to each carbon.

b) Proteins: Proteins are made up of amino acids. Draw a chain of amino acids, with a central carbon, an amine group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain attached to each carbon.

c) Lipids: Lipids have a glycerol backbone with fatty acid chains attached. Draw a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains attached to it.

d) Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base. Draw a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule, with a nitrogenous base attached to the sugar.

Note that these are simplified representations, and the actual structures can be much more complex.

3) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is a molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells. To draw the structure of ATP, start with an adenine molecule (a nitrogenous base) connected to a ribose sugar molecule. Then, draw three phosphate groups attached to the ribose. Label the three components as "adenine," "ribose," and "phosphate groups."

4) Examples of chemical equations for different types of reactions:

a) Synthesis reaction: A + B → AB
Example: Sodium (Na) + Chlorine (Cl) → Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

b) Decomposition reaction: AB → A + B
Example: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) → Calcium Oxide (CaO) + Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

c) Exchange reaction: AB + CD → AD + CB
Example: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) + Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) → Sodium Chloride (NaCl) + Water (H2O)

5) a) Chemical elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom, while compounds are substances made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Both elements and compounds are made up of atoms.

b) Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms, forming molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a type of attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in a different molecule.

c) Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, while bases release hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids have a pH less than 7, while bases have a pH greater than 7.

d) Three different types of mixtures are solutions, suspensions, and colloids. Solutions are homogeneous mixtures where the solute is evenly distributed in the solvent. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where the particles settle over time. Colloids are stable mixtures in which small particles are evenly dispersed throughout a medium.

e) Hydrophilic/polar molecules have an affinity for water and are soluble in water, while hydrophobic/nonpolar molecules repel water and are insoluble in water.

6) Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life. Dehydration synthesis (also known as condensation reaction) is an anabolic reaction because it involves the joining of smaller molecules to form a larger molecule, usually with the release of water.

Hydrolysis, on the other hand, is a catabolic reaction because it breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones by adding a water molecule to break bonds.

7) Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a molecule, while reduction is the gain of electrons by a molecule. These reactions are related to the energy content in the molecule because oxidation reactions release energy, while reduction reactions require energy input.

Oxidation and reduction reactions often occur together and are called redox reactions, where one molecule is oxidized, and another molecule is reduced.

8) Factors that affect chemical reactions are temperature, concentration of reactants, and the presence of a catalyst:

- Temperature: Increasing the temperature generally speeds up the reaction rate because it increases the kinetic energy of particles, causing them to collide more frequently and with higher energy.

- Concentration: Increasing the concentration of reactants increases the reaction rate because it increases the likelihood of collisions between particles.

- Catalyst: A catalyst speeds up the reaction by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy. It does not get consumed in the reaction.

9) Water is biologically important due to its unique properties:

- Universal solvent: Water is a versatile solvent, allowing it to dissolve a wide range of substances, making it crucial for many biochemical reactions.

- Cohesion and adhesion: Water molecules exhibit cohesion, meaning they stick to each other, and adhesion, meaning they stick to other surfaces. These properties allow water to be transported through plants against gravity and contribute to capillary action.

- High heat capacity: Water has a high heat capacity, which means it can absorb or release a large amount of heat without significant temperature change. This property helps regulate temperature in organisms and acts as a coolant.

10) pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, which lowers the pH (pH less than 7). Bases accept hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions (OH-), raising the pH (pH greater than 7). Maintaining proper pH is important for enzymes and biochemical reactions to function optimally in the human body.