give the biological term for the following 1.process in biotechnology that is used to make human insulin in a bacterial cell 2.white blood cells produce antibodies in response to pathogens

1. The process in biotechnology that is used to make human insulin in a bacterial cell is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.

To understand this process, we need to break it down into a few steps:
- First, the human insulin gene, which is responsible for producing insulin, is isolated from human cells. This gene contains the information necessary for producing insulin protein.
- Next, a bacterial cell, often Escherichia coli (E. coli), is modified to contain the human insulin gene. This is typically done by inserting the gene into the bacterial DNA using techniques like restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.
- Once the bacterial cells have the human insulin gene, they can start producing human insulin. Bacterial cells are ideal for this purpose because they can be grown rapidly and have a relatively simple cellular structure, making it easier to manipulate their DNA.
- The bacterial cells are then grown in large batches under controlled conditions, allowing them to multiply and produce significant amounts of human insulin.
- Finally, the human insulin is extracted and purified from the bacterial cells, resulting in a biologically pure form of insulin that can be used for medical purposes.

2. The biological term for white blood cells producing antibodies in response to pathogens is called the adaptive immune response.

To understand how this process works, we need to understand the basics of the immune system:
- White blood cells, known as leukocytes, are an essential component of the immune system and are responsible for protecting the body against harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
- When a pathogen enters the body, it is recognized by cells of the immune system, particularly antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which engulf and present pieces of the pathogen on their surface.
- This presentation alerts other cells of the adaptive immune system, including B lymphocytes (B cells), which are a type of white blood cell.
- B cells are designed to recognize specific pathogens through their antibody receptors. Each B cell has a unique receptor that can bind to a specific pathogen or pathogen component (antigen).
- When a B cell encounters the pathogen, binding occurs between the B cell receptor and the antigen, triggering a series of events within the B cell.
- These events lead to the activation and division of the B cell into antibody-secreting cells called plasma cells.
- Plasma cells produce and release large quantities of antibodies specific to the encountered pathogen. Antibodies are proteins that can recognize and bind to pathogens, helping to neutralize or eliminate them from the body.
- The antibodies produced by plasma cells can circulate in the bloodstream, allowing them to target and eliminate the pathogen throughout the body.
- Additionally, some B cells undergo a process called affinity maturation, where their antibodies are modified to improve their effectiveness in targeting the pathogen.
Overall, the adaptive immune response involving the production of antibodies by white blood cells is a vital defense mechanism of the body to counteract the harmful effects of pathogens.