command system of mongols

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization

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The command system of the Mongols, specifically referring to the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, was unique and highly organized. It played a significant role in the success of their military campaigns and the establishment of their vast empire. Here is an explanation of the command system used by the Mongols:

1. Centralized Authority: At the top of the Mongol command system was the Khan, who held supreme authority and made all major decisions. Genghis Khan, as the founder of the empire, had absolute power and was seen as the "Great Khan." His successors, such as Ogedei Khan and Kublai Khan, followed a similar structure.

2. Division of the Empire: The Mongol Empire was divided into several smaller administrative units known as "ulus." Each ulus was ruled by a prince or a member of the imperial family, who was appointed by the Khan. These princes had a certain level of autonomy in governing their respective regions but were ultimately answerable to the Khan.

3. Military Hierarchy: The Mongol military structure was highly organized, with a hierarchical command system. Each unit of the Mongol army, known as a "tumen," consisted of 10,000 soldiers. A tumen further comprised smaller subdivisions called "mingghans" (1,000 soldiers), "jaghuns" (100 soldiers), "jarliqs" (10 soldiers), and "aravt" (smaller tactical units).

4. Loyalty and Meritocracy: The Mongol command system was based on loyalty and meritocracy. Commanders and officers were chosen based on their military skills, experience, and personal loyalty to the Khan. A merit-based system ensured that the most capable and loyal individuals were given positions of authority.

5. Communication and Messenger System: The Mongols established an elaborate communication and messenger system known as the "Yam." This system allowed rapid and efficient transmission of messages across the vast empire. Mounted messengers, known as "yam riders," were stationed at regular intervals throughout the empire, ensuring swift relay of information.

6. Decentralized Decision Making: While the Khan held ultimate authority, the Mongol command system also allowed for decentralized decision making. Field commanders were given a degree of autonomy to adapt their strategies based on the evolving battle situation. They had the freedom to make tactical decisions while adhering to the broader strategic objectives set by the Khan.

It is important to note that the command system of the Mongols varied over time, and different rulers may have employed slightly different approaches. However, the centralization of authority, military hierarchy, loyalty, and efficient communication were common features throughout the Mongol Empire.