one of the three food producing groups to explain if they are a more costly subsistence pattern in time, effort & calories as compared to the foraging groups.

Which three food producing groups do you mean?

Pastoralism, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist.

This is what I am really asking?1.Describe the successfully essential differences in foraging groups & food producing groups. Then look at one of the three food producing groups to explain if they are a more costly subsistence pattern in time, effort & calories as compared to the foraging groups

This site should help you.

http://wikieducator.org/Cultural_Anthropology/Social_Institutions/Subsistence_Strategies

I can't found this answer to this question

Pastoralism, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist. one of the three food producing groups to explain if they are a more costly subsistence pattern in time, effort & calories as compared to the foraging groups.

I can't found this answer to this question

Pastoralism, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist. one of the three food producing groups to explain if they are a more costly subsistence pattern in time, effort & calories as compared to the foraging groups.

Joslina -- please do not post your questions on another student's post.

I am sorry, I put my sister name down. I was distracted.

I can't found this answer to this question
Pastoralism, Horticulturalist, Agriculturalist. one of the three food producing groups to explain if they are a more costly subsistence pattern in time, effort & calories as compared to the foraging groups.

Take each of those criteria -- time, effort, calories -- and decide whether agriculture or foraging was more efficient.

Read the above article carefully and thoughtfully.

This site should give you some ideas.

http://agriculture-vs-foraging.weebly.com/advantages-and-disadvantages.html

To determine if one of the three food producing groups (agriculture, pastoralism, or horticulture) is a more costly subsistence pattern in terms of time, effort, and calories compared to foraging groups, we need to understand the basic characteristics of each group and analyze their implications.

1. Foraging Groups:
Foraging, also known as hunting and gathering, is the oldest subsistence strategy in human history. Foragers rely on wild plants, animals, and other resources found in their environment. Here's how to analyze if foraging groups are more costly:

a. Time: Foragers typically spend less time on food production since they rely on readily available resources. They have a deep knowledge of their environment, allowing them to efficiently gather food. However, the time spent may vary depending on the availability and seasonal variability of resources.

b. Effort: Foragers require physical effort for hunting, gathering, and processing resources. The effort can be demanding, especially in extreme environments. However, the effort is usually distributed among the members of the group, making it manageable.

c. Calories: Foraging groups tend to have a varied diet, which provides a good balance of nutrients and calories. They often consume high-quality, nutrient-dense foods, leading to lesser time and effort spent on searching for food.

Overall, foraging groups may have lower costs in terms of time, effort, and calories compared to food producing groups, but the abundance of resources can be unpredictable, leading to periods of shortage.

2. Agriculture:
Agriculture involves intentional cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. It encompasses practices such as farming, irrigation, and the use of agricultural tools. Here's how to analyze if agriculture is a more costly subsistence pattern:

a. Time: Agriculture requires significant time investments in preparing and maintaining fields, planting, tending crops, and harvesting. The planting and harvesting seasons are crucial, demanding intense labor during those periods. However, advancements in agricultural techniques (such as mechanization) have reduced the time required for certain tasks.

b. Effort: Agriculture requires substantial physical effort, such as land clearing, digging, and maintaining irrigation systems. It often involves long working hours in the fields, especially during critical stages of crop growth.

c. Calories: Agriculture allows for a more reliable food supply, as crops can be cultivated in larger quantities. This leads to a surplus of calories, which enables the growth of larger populations. However, early agricultural societies faced challenges related to malnutrition due to the limited dietary diversity offered by a few staple crops.

Overall, agriculture requires significant investments of time and effort, but it offers a higher yield of calories, making it possible to sustain larger populations.

3. Pastoralism:
Pastoralism focuses on the raising and herding of livestock such as cattle, goats, and sheep. It is closely related to nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Here's how to analyze if pastoralism is a more costly subsistence pattern:

a. Time: Pastoral societies spend considerable time herding, milking, and tending to their livestock. The time investment can vary depending on the size of the herd, the distance covered for grazing, and the need to relocate to new grazing areas.

b. Effort: Pastoralists constantly need to move their herds to find adequate grazing lands, which requires physical effort and coordination. Additionally, caring for and protecting livestock from predators and other environmental challenges demands continuous effort.

c. Calories: Pastoralists rely heavily on animal products such as milk, meat, and hides. Although they have a consistent supply of calories from their livestock, they may face challenges during droughts, diseases, or other environmental disruptions that affect the availability of grazing resources.

Overall, pastoralism involves significant time and effort investments due to the nomadic lifestyle and the need to care for and protect livestock. However, it provides a stable source of calories through animal products.

In conclusion, while foraging groups may have lower costs in terms of time, effort, and calories compared to agricultural and pastoralist groups, it's important to consider the variability of resources and the ability to sustain growing populations. The transition from foraging to food-producing groups was driven by the need for stable and reliable food sources, even if it resulted in increased costs in certain aspects.