the interloper by saki creates an effect of surprise, how?

can one of them be
situational irony?

what other ones?

Yes, situational irony is indeed one of the ways in which "The Interloper" by Saki creates an effect of surprise. Situational irony occurs when there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in a situation.

In "The Interloper," the main characters, Ulrich von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym, are locked in a longstanding feud over a disputed piece of land. However, when a life-threatening situation arises, both characters find themselves trapped under a fallen tree in a forest. The surprise comes from the fact that, despite their mutual animosity and thirst for revenge, they end up forming a bond as they face the imminent threat together. This ironic twist defies the readers' expectations and adds an element of surprise to the story.

Apart from situational irony, "The Interloper" also employs other literary techniques to create a sense of surprise, such as:

1. Foreshadowing: Throughout the story, there are subtle hints and clues that suggest an impending twist or unexpected turn of events. These hints build anticipation and contribute to the element of surprise when the twist occurs.

2. Dramatic irony: This occurs when the reader is aware of something that the characters are unaware of. In "The Interloper," there are instances where the reader knows that the men are both hunting each other in the forest, while they believe they are searching for game. This dramatic irony intensifies the surprise when they realize the truth.

3. Suspense: The story effectively builds suspense by describing the dark, foreboding forest and the tension between the two characters. This suspense contributes to the surprise when the unexpected twist is revealed.

By utilizing these literary techniques, "The Interloper" generates a sense of surprise and keeps readers engaged as they navigate through the narrative to uncover the unexpected turns in the plot.