a) The equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at reduced pressure (i.e. under vacuum)

b) the equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at atmospheric pressure.

a) The equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at reduced pressure (i.e. under vacuum)

b) the equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at atmospheric pressure.

a) The equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at reduced pressure (i.e. under vacuum)

b) the equipment you would use for carrying out a simple distillation at atmospheric pressure.

The equipments are stated but I don't know which one is to use for each question!

Thermometer
Thermometer adapter
still head
condenser
adapter
receiver
boiling flask
heating mantle

Thanks!

Simple distillation at atmospheric pressure. These differ little from diagram to diagram but the parts are labeled.

https://www.google.com/search?q=image+simple+distillation&client=firefox-a&hs=YcY&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=sb&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=7sEEVPXNMIKQgwS6x4GQBw&ved=0CDAQsAQ&biw=1011&bih=577

Here are images of vacuum systems and they differ a little from diagram to diagram.
https://www.google.com/search?q=images+vacuum+distillation&client=firefox-a&hs=I1D&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=sb&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=6cIEVOKFBdC4ggTOYw&ved=0CD0QsAQ&biw=1011&bih=577

I don't see a source for vacuum listed in the equipment list you show. And "adapter" listed separately don't tell me much. I think almost all of the items used for a simple atmospheric distillation are also used for a vacuum distillation with exceptions that for vacuum you must have a vacuum source AND for vacuum you must have the system closed and not open to the atmosphere.

For carrying out simple distillation at reduced pressure (under vacuum), you would need the following equipment:

a) A vacuum pump: This is used to create a vacuum in the system, lowering the boiling point of the liquid being distilled.

b) A vacuum adapter: This connects the apparatus to the vacuum pump, allowing the system to operate under reduced pressure.

c) A vacuum trap: This is used to capture any vapors or solvents that might be sucked into the vacuum pump, preventing contamination of the pump.

d) A fractionating column: This is used to separate different components in the mixture by their boiling points. It provides more efficient separation compared to a simple distillation setup.

e) A round-bottom flask or boiling flask: This is where the mixture to be distilled is placed.

f) A heating mantle: This provides controlled heating to the boiling flask.

g) A condenser: This cools the vapors from the boiling flask, causing them to condense back into a liquid.

h) A receiver: This collects the condensed liquid from the condenser.

i) Thermometer and thermometer adapter: This measures and monitors the temperature of the distillation process.

For carrying out simple distillation at atmospheric pressure, you would need the following equipment:

a) A still head: This connects the boiling flask and condenser, allowing the vapors to travel from the boiling flask to the condenser.

b) A condenser: This cools the vapors from the boiling flask, causing them to condense back into a liquid. It can be water-cooled or air-cooled, depending on the setup.

c) A round-bottom flask or boiling flask: This is where the mixture to be distilled is placed.

d) A heating mantle: This provides controlled heating to the boiling flask.

e) A receiver: This collects the condensed liquid from the condenser.

f) Thermometer and thermometer adapter: This measures and monitors the temperature of the distillation process.

It's important to note that some equipment, such as the boiling flask, heating mantle, and thermometer, is common to both setups. The key difference lies in the presence of a vacuum system and fractionating column for distillation under reduced pressure.