For N=4, L=4032, B=9600,P=1024,H=16,S=0.2, D=0.001, compute the end-to-end delay for circuit switching.
To compute the end-to-end delay for circuit switching, we need to consider the different components that contribute to the delay.
1. Transmission delay (T):
The transmission delay is the time taken to send a packet from the source to the destination over the circuit-switched network. It is calculated using the formula T = L / B, where L is the packet length in bits and B is the bandwidth of the links in bits per second.
In this case, L = 4032 bits and B = 9600 bits per second. Plugging in these values, we get T = 4032 / 9600 = 0.42 seconds.
2. Propagation delay (P):
The propagation delay is the time taken for a packet to travel from the source to the destination over the physical link. It is calculated using the formula P = D / S, where D is the distance between the source and destination in meters and S is the speed of light in meters per second.
In this case, D = 1024 meters and S = 3 * 10^8 meters per second. Plugging in these values, we get P = 1024 / (3 * 10^8) = 3.413 * 10^-6 seconds.
3. Handshake delay (H):
The handshake delay is the time taken for the source and destination to establish a circuit connection by exchanging control signals. It is a fixed value given as H = 16 milliseconds. To convert milliseconds to seconds, we divide by 1000, so H = 16 / 1000 = 0.016 seconds.
4. Switching delay (S):
The switching delay is the time taken for the network switches to allocate and establish the circuit path between the source and destination. In circuit switching, this delay is negligible and can be considered as zero.
Now, to compute the total end-to-end delay (D_total), we sum up the transmission delay, propagation delay, and handshake delay:
D_total = T + P + H = 0.42 + 3.413 * 10^-6 + 0.016 = 0.436 seconds
Therefore, the end-to-end delay for circuit switching with the given parameters is approximately 0.436 seconds.