The motives studied by Henry Murray and his colleagues are called higher order motives because:
Answer
a.
They reflect motivations for a higher level of functioning.
b.
They are at a higher level of consciousness than other motives.
c.
They do not reflect specific physiological changes.
d.
They are motives only experienced by human beings.
e.
C and D.
To determine the correct answer, we need to understand what higher order motives are and why Henry Murray and his colleagues studied them. Higher order motives are psychological needs or desires that go beyond basic survival and biological drives. They are motivations related to personal growth, achievement, and self-actualization.
To find the answer, we can first eliminate options C and D. Higher order motives can be experienced by both human beings and other animals, so they are not exclusive to humans, nor are they solely based on physiological changes.
Option B states that higher order motives are at a higher level of consciousness than other motives. This aligns with the concept that higher order motives involve self-awareness, personal values, and a sense of purpose, which are aspects beyond basic survival instincts. However, this option does not fully capture the entirety of higher order motives.
Option A states that higher order motives reflect motivations for a higher level of functioning. This option accurately captures the essence of higher order motives. They represent aspirations, personal growth, and motivations that drive individuals to strive for self-improvement and fulfillment. These motives are concerned with achieving one's potential and seeking meaning and satisfaction in life. Hence, option A is the correct answer.
Therefore, the correct answer is A. They reflect motivations for a higher level of functioning.