how do i figure out the valences for elements in the transition elements section in the periodic table of elements (i need it for doing nomenclature) and how do i figure out the valences if i don't have the periodic table of elements

examples:
Zn
Cu
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ti
Sc

Zn is almost always 2 as its placement in the periodic table would suggest. Same for Sc at +3. All of the others are variable. At least ONE valence will be the period; for example, Mn has bunches of numbers but +7 is one of them. Cr has several but at least one of them is +6. Ti has two but at least one of them is 4.

To determine the valence of elements in the transition metal section of the periodic table, you can refer to the periodic table itself or use some general rules. Transition metals, also known as the transition elements, are located in the d-block of the periodic table.

If you have access to the periodic table:
1. Locate the element on the periodic table.
2. Find the group number of the element. The group number is located at the top of each column.
- The group number represents the number of valence electrons an element has. For example, elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron, elements in Group 2 have 2 valence electrons, and so on.
- However, this rule isn't applicable for transition metals, as their electron configurations are more complex due to the presence of the d-orbitals.

If you don't have access to the periodic table:
1. Determine the electronic configuration of the element. This can be found by referring to a periodic table or an electronic configuration chart.
2. For transition metals, the valence electrons are usually the outermost s-electrons and any d-electrons that come after them.
- For example, Zn (zinc) has an electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d10 4s2. The outermost electrons are the 4s2, so zinc has a valence of 2.
- Similarly, Cu (copper) has an electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d10 4s1. The outermost electrons are the 4s1, so copper has a valence of 1.

Remember, the valences of transition metals can vary, as they can lose or gain different numbers of electrons to form different ions. Therefore, it's important to consider the specific compound or ion you are working with in nomenclature.

If you cannot access the periodic table, it is highly recommended to have one at hand for reliable and accurate information on valences.