1.descibe the construction and working of machine used to generate high voltage?

2.draw electric lines between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor with 1(air) and 2(dielectric) as a medium?
3.near the surface of earth the field is about 100V/m. why do we then not experience an electric shock as we go into the open?

a. google van de grafe generator

b. lines go from + to -. In a dielectric, the E is reduced.
c. he potential of upper surface is 400KV w.r.t the Earth surface which itself has a electric field of 100V/m. Now, since we are always in contact with ground, we are at same potential with earth. However as soon we go into open, we come under influence of the atmospheric potential. But this becomes null since, the air just above our head changes its original equipotential surface keeping our body with same potential of the ground

1. To generate high voltage, one commonly used machine is the Van de Graaff generator. It consists of a large hollow metal sphere mounted on top of an insulating column. Inside the column, there is a rubber belt connected to two pulleys. One pulley at the bottom is driven by an electric motor, while the other pulley is located at the top near the sphere.

The rubber belt moves continuously between the two pulleys. At the bottom of the column, there is a comb that collects electric charge from a high-voltage source and transfers it to the belt. As the belt moves upwards, electrons are transferred to the hollow metal sphere through a metal brush. This accumulation of charge creates a high voltage on the sphere.

The working principle behind the Van de Graaff generator is based on the concept of electrostatic induction. When the comb collects electric charge, it induces the positive charge on the metal sphere. The belt then carries the excess charge to the top, creating an increasingly high voltage on the sphere. This high voltage can be used for various applications like scientific experiments, particle accelerators, or to generate static electricity for demonstrations.

2. A parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel conducting plates separated by a distance, and an electric field is formed between the plates. When air is used as the medium between the plates, the electric field lines will be straight and evenly spaced between the plates.

When a dielectric material, such as plastic or glass, is inserted between the plates, the electric field lines change. The dielectric material contains atoms/molecules that can be polarized, aligning them with the electric field. This alignment strengthens the electric field and reduces its strength between the plates. As a result, the electric field lines curve or bulge towards the dielectric material between the plates.

To draw the electric field lines between the plates with different mediums, follow these steps:
- Draw two parallel lines for the plates.
- For air (1), draw straight and evenly spaced lines between the plates.
- For a dielectric medium (2), draw curved lines that bulge towards the dielectric material.
- Make sure to label the plates and indicate the different mediums used.

3. The electric field near the surface of the Earth is approximately 100V/m. However, despite this electric field, we do not experience electric shocks when standing in the open because of several reasons:

- Most importantly, our bodies are good conductors of electricity. When we stand on the ground, our body is in contact with the Earth, creating a conductive path for the electric charge. This allows the charge to flow harmlessly through our bodies and into the Earth, without accumulating or causing an electric shock.

- The 100V/m electric field near the surface of the Earth is relatively weak. It takes a certain amount of electric potential difference (voltage) to create an electric shock. Typically, a voltage of hundreds or thousands of volts is required to feel an electric shock, which is significantly higher than the electric field near the Earth's surface.

- Our bodies are also equipped with specialized nerve endings that detect electric shocks and send signals to our brain, warning us of any potential danger. This allows us to instinctively avoid or react to electric shocks.

In summary, the combination of our bodies being good conductors of electricity, the relatively weak electric field near the surface, and our ability to sense and react to electric shocks, prevents us from experiencing electric shocks in everyday scenarios.