What are the primary modifications of the classical school made by neoclassical criminology?
To understand the modifications made by neoclassical criminology to the classical school of thought, let's start by explaining the basics. The classical school of criminology, which emerged in the 18th century, argued that individuals have free will and make rational choices based on weighing the potential benefits and consequences of their actions. It also emphasized deterrence as a means of preventing crime.
Now, the neoclassical school of criminology built upon the foundations of the classical school while incorporating some key modifications. Here are the primary modifications made by neoclassical criminology:
1. Mitigating Circumstances: Neoclassical criminology recognized that there are certain factors that might influence an individual's decision-making process and ability to exercise free will. These factors, known as mitigating circumstances, include emotional distress, mental illness, or impaired judgment due to drugs or alcohol. Neoclassical criminologists argued that the punishment should be adjusted, considering these mitigating factors.
2. Rational Choice Theory: Neoclassical criminology further developed the concept of rational choice by focusing on the immediate situational factors that influence an individual's decision to commit a crime. It proposed that individuals weigh the cost, benefit, and risk of committing a crime based on situational factors such as the likelihood of getting caught, the severity of punishment, and the potential gains. This theory suggests that by manipulating these situational factors, crime can potentially be reduced.
3. Rehabilitation: While the classical school emphasized deterrence through punishment, neoclassical criminology introduced the notion of rehabilitation. It recognized that punishment alone might not be effective in preventing future crimes. Instead, neoclassical criminologists argued for rehabilitating offenders by addressing the underlying causes of their criminal behavior (e.g., addiction, mental health issues) and providing them with education and skills to reintegrate into society.
These are the primary modifications made by neoclassical criminology to the classical school of thought. By considering mitigating circumstances, focusing on situational factors through rational choice theory, and advocating for rehabilitation, neoclassical criminology sought to refine and improve upon the ideas put forth by the classical school.