what happens to chromosomes during the stage stage of the cell cycle in which the nucleus divides, include prophase, metaphase, anaphase,telophase

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During the cell cycle, the stage in which the nucleus divides is known as mitosis. This process is divided into four distinct phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Let's explore what happens to chromosomes during each of these phases:

1. Prophase: In prophase, the chromatin condenses and becomes visible as distinct chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of two identical copies, called sister chromatids, held together by a region called the centromere. The nuclear membrane starts to break down, and the centrosomes (which contain structures called centrioles) begin to move to opposite poles of the cell. Microtubules called spindle fibers start to form, extending between the centrosomes.

2. Metaphase: During metaphase, the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. This alignment of chromosomes happens at the center of the cell, forming what is called the metaphase plate. The chromosomes are now fully condensed and aligned in a single plane.

3. Anaphase: In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibers shorten, exerting force on the centromeres, which helps segregate the chromosomes. As the sister chromatids move towards the poles, the cell elongates.

4. Telophase: Telophase marks the final stage of mitosis. The chromosomes arrive at the poles and start to decondense, returning to their less condensed thread-like form called chromatin. A new nuclear membrane starts to form around each set of chromosomes, and the spindle fibers disassemble. At this point, the cell is preparing for cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm.

After telophase, the division of the cytoplasm occurs through cytokinesis, resulting in two identical daughter cells, each with its own nucleus containing a complete set of chromosomes.