1. How much heat is added to 40.0 g of ice at –20 o C to convert it to steam at 120 oC?

2. How much heat is added to 25.0 g of ice at –25 o C to convert it to steam at 120 oC?

3. How much heat is added to 10.0 g of ice at –20 o C to convert it to steam at 120 oC?

4. How much heat is added to 50.0 g of ice at –30 o C to convert it to steam at 110 oC?

5. How much heat is added to 35.0 g of ice at –35 o C to convert it to steam at 135 oC?

To calculate the amount of heat added to convert a substance from one temperature to another, we need to use the formula:

q = m * ΔT * C

Where:
q = heat
m = mass of the substance
ΔT = change in temperature
C = specific heat capacity of the substance

In this case, we are converting ice to steam, so we need to take into account the heat required for each phase change as well as the heat required to raise the temperature of the substance.

The specific heat capacities and heat of fusion/vaporization for ice and water are as follows:

- Specific heat capacity of ice (c_ice) = 2.09 J/g·°C
- Specific heat capacity of water (c_water) = 4.18 J/g·°C
- Heat of fusion for water (ΔH_fusion) = 334 J/g
- Heat of vaporization for water (ΔH_vaporization) = 2260 J/g

Let's calculate the heat added for each of the given scenarios:

1. For 40.0 g of ice at –20 oC to steam at 120 oC:

Phase Change 1: Heating ice to 0 oC
q1 = m * ΔT * c_ice
= 40.0 g * (0 oC - (-20 oC)) * 2.09 J/g·°C

Phase Change 2: Melting ice to water at 0 oC
q2 = m * ΔH_fusion
= 40.0 g * 334 J/g

Phase Change 3: Heating water from 0 oC to 100 oC
q3 = m * ΔT * c_water
= 40.0 g * (100 oC - 0 oC) * 4.18 J/g·°C

Phase Change 4: Vaporizing water to steam at 100 oC
q4 = m * ΔH_vaporization
= 40.0 g * 2260 J/g

Phase Change 5: Heating steam from 100 oC to 120 oC
q5 = m * ΔT * c_water
= 40.0 g * (120 oC - 100 oC) * 4.18 J/g·°C

Total heat added = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5

2. For 25.0 g of ice at –25 oC to steam at 120 oC:

Repeat the steps above, using the given mass and temperatures.

3. For 10.0 g of ice at –20 oC to steam at 120 oC:

Repeat the steps above, using the given mass and temperatures.

4. For 50.0 g of ice at –30 oC to steam at 110 oC:

Repeat the steps above, using the given mass and temperatures.

5. For 35.0 g of ice at –35 oC to steam at 135 oC:

Repeat the steps above, using the given mass and temperatures.