Discuss the different developmental eras of American education.
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The developmental eras of American education refer to the various periods in history when significant changes and reforms took place in the education system. These eras can be classified into five main categories: Colonial, Early National, Common School, Progressive, and Modern eras.
1. Colonial Era (1600-1750): During this period, education in the American colonies was primarily shaped by religious and cultural influences. Schools were often founded by religious groups to teach religious values and literacy skills. Education was limited to a select few, typically white males from affluent families.
To understand this era, you can start by researching the first educational institutions in the colonies, such as the Latin Grammar Schools established in the 17th century. Study the Puritan influence and the focus on religious teachings. Explore the impact of the New England Primer, a popular educational textbook at the time.
2. Early National Era (1750-1820): With the establishment of the United States, there was a growing emphasis on democracy and individual rights. This era witnessed the formation of the first public schools and the rise of secular education. Influential figures such as Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann advocated for broadening access to education.
To delve into this era, research the influence of political and intellectual leaders in shaping the educational landscape. Learn about Jefferson's views on education and his support for public schools. Study the gradual movement towards free, universal education and the spread of literacy.
3. Common School Era (1820-1900): This era marked a significant shift towards the establishment of public schools and the idea of education as a social equalizer. Horace Mann, known as the "Father of American Public Education," played a major role in advocating for free and compulsory education for all children.
To explore this era, delve into the educational reforms championed by Mann and others. Research the growth of common schools, the introduction of standardized curriculum, and the emergence of teacher training institutions. Investigate the influence of immigration, industrialization, and urbanization on education policies.
4. Progressive Era (1890-1920): The Progressive Era saw a focus on child-centered education and educational theories that emphasized practicality, critical thinking, and development of social skills. Prominent educational reformers, such as John Dewey, sought to create meaningful learning experiences and improve teacher training.
To understand this era, study the progressive educational philosophies of Dewey and other influential thinkers. Examine the rise of kindergarten, the introduction of vocational education, and the emergence of educational psychology. Look into progressive reforms in curriculum, teaching methods, and student-centered learning.
5. Modern Era (20th century-present): The modern era of American education encompasses various educational movements and reforms up to the present day. It includes developments such as the civil rights movement and the establishment of special education programs. A notable aspect is the increasing influence of technology on teaching and learning.
To explore the modern era, examine the impact of landmark court cases, such as Brown v. Board of Education, which led to desegregation of schools. Research the introduction of standardized testing, the implementation of federal education policies, and the integration of technology in classrooms.
To gain a comprehensive understanding of each era, it's advisable to refer to educational literature, historical documents, and academic articles that focus on the specific era you are interested in. Additionally, studying the biographies of key figures and examining primary sources from each era can provide valuable insights into the reforms and developments that took place.