how can you reword these research hypotheses to null hypotheses:

a. smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a child being born prematurely.

b. regular exercise in older adults decreases blood pressure levels.

Ho: Smoking during pregnancy is not related to premature birth.

Ho: Exercise in older adults is not related to blood pressure levels.

How could you reword the research hypotheses below to null hypotheses?a. Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of a child being born prematurely.

In a police-involved domestic violence incident, a male perpetrator will be arrested if there is physical injury to the victim.

Youth involved in the Boys and Girls Club will have increased academic success.
Cancer patients who attend support groups will experience lower rates of depression.

To reword these research hypotheses as null hypotheses, we need to negate the relationship or effect predicted in the original hypotheses. Null hypotheses state that there is no relationship or effect between the variables being studied. Here are the reworded null hypotheses:

a. Smoking during pregnancy has no effect on the risk of a child being born prematurely.

b. Regular exercise in older adults has no effect on blood pressure levels.

By negating the predicted effects in the original hypotheses, we create null hypotheses that imply no relationship between the factors being investigated.