In general, how do neuron inhibit cells?

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Neurons communicate through both excitatory and inhibitory signals. While excitatory signals promote the transmission of electrical impulses and stimulate other neurons, inhibitory signals have the opposite effect—they prevent the transmission of impulses and decrease neuronal activity.

The inhibitory function of neurons mainly occurs through a process called hyperpolarization. Here's a simplified explanation of how this works:

1. Resting Membrane Potential: Neurons have a resting membrane potential, which is a difference in electrical charge across their cell membrane. This potential is created by the distribution of ions (charged particles) inside and outside the neuron.

2. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: When an inhibitory neuron is activated, it releases specific chemical messengers called inhibitory neurotransmitters into the synapse (the tiny gap between neurons). Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine.

3. Receptor Binding: Inhibitory neurotransmitters bind to specialized proteins on the surface of the target neuron. These proteins are called inhibitory receptors or ion channels.

4. Ion Channel Activation: The binding of inhibitory neurotransmitters to their receptors causes the ion channels to open. In the case of GABA and glycine receptors, their activation leads to the influx of chloride ions (Cl-) or an efflux of potassium ions (K+) into the neuron.

5. Hyperpolarization: The entry of Cl- ions or exit of K+ ions causes a shift in the neuron's resting membrane potential, making it more negative. This hyperpolarization makes the neuron less likely to generate an action potential (an electrical impulse).

By inhibiting or hyperpolarizing target neurons, inhibitory signals help regulate and balance neuronal activity. This inhibition is crucial for proper information processing and prevents excessive excitation or overstimulation of the nervous system.