What keys or tips can raise suspicion about the validity of arguments, presented verbally and in writing?

Not sure if I understand correctly...

No problem! I understand your question. When evaluating the validity of arguments, there are several keys or tips that can raise suspicions. These include:

1. Lack of evidence or supporting sources: If an argument is presented without any evidence or credible sources to back it up, it could be a red flag. Look for specific facts, data, or examples to support the claims being made.

2. Logical fallacies: Pay attention to any logical fallacies present in the argument. These are flaws in reasoning that can undermine the validity of the argument. Some common fallacies include ad hominem attacks, straw man arguments, and appeals to emotion.

3. Biased or limited perspective: If the argument seems one-sided or fails to consider alternative viewpoints, it may lack objectivity. Look for a balanced presentation of evidence and a consideration of counterarguments.

4. Emotional manipulation: Arguments that heavily rely on emotional appeals rather than logical reasoning can be suspect. Watch out for excessive use of loaded language, personal anecdotes, or appeals to fear, pity, or anger.

5. Inconsistencies or contradictions: Pay attention to any inconsistencies or contradictions within the argument. If different parts of the argument contradict each other or if it contradicts well-established facts, it can indicate weak reasoning.

6. Oversimplification or overgeneralization: Be wary of arguments that oversimplify complex issues or overgeneralize from a limited set of examples. Reality is often nuanced, so a lack of nuance in the argument can raise suspicions.

To evaluate the validity of arguments, it is crucial to critically analyze the evidence, consider different perspectives, and employ logical reasoning skills. By doing so, you can determine the reliability and strength of any argument presented verbally or in writing.