Relationship between free energy change and metabolism in biological system
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The relationship between free energy change and metabolism in a biological system is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. In particular, it is described by the concept of Gibbs free energy.
Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to sustain life. These reactions involve the conversion of molecules into different forms, such as breaking down complex molecules (catabolism) or building up complex molecules (anabolism).
The free energy change (∆G) of a reaction is a measure of the energy available to do work in the system. It is related to the difference between the energy content of the reactants and the energy content of the products. The sign of ∆G indicates whether a reaction is favorable (exergonic, negative ∆G) or unfavorable (endergonic, positive ∆G).
In a biological system, the overall metabolism is driven by energy transformations. It is powered by the utilization of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which acts as an energy currency. The energy released during catabolic reactions is used to synthesize ATP, storing energy for future cellular activities. Conversely, during anabolic reactions, energy from ATP is utilized to build up complex molecules.
The relationship between free energy change (∆G) and metabolism can be summarized as follows:
1. Exergonic Reactions: Catabolic reactions in metabolism release energy, leading to a negative ∆G. This negative ∆G indicates that the reaction is spontaneous and can occur without the addition of external energy. The released energy can be used to perform cellular work or stored in the form of ATP.
2. Endergonic Reactions: Anabolic reactions in metabolism require energy input, resulting in a positive ∆G. This positive ∆G indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous and will not occur without an additional energy source. The required energy is often provided by the hydrolysis of ATP, which powers the synthesis of complex molecules.
Overall, the balance between catabolic and anabolic reactions in a biological system is essential for maintaining the energy requirements of the organism. The net free energy change (∆G) of the metabolic reactions helps determine the direction and feasibility of these reactions.