when traveling only a tiny distance through rock below the earths surface what happens to alpha particles ?
When alpha particles travel only a tiny distance through rock below the Earth's surface, they undergo a process known as alpha scattering. Alpha particles are high-energy helium nuclei, consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
During alpha scattering, the alpha particles interact with the atoms present in the rock through a combination of electromagnetic forces and the strong nuclear force. The degree to which an alpha particle scatters depends on the size and charge of the atomic nuclei it encounters, as well as the velocity and energy of the alpha particles.
As an alpha particle collides with an atomic nucleus, it can experience multiple outcomes:
1. Rutherford Scattering: In some cases, the alpha particle will undergo multiple deflections at various angles due to the repulsion between the positive charges of the alpha particle and the atomic nucleus. This phenomenon was famously observed by Ernest Rutherford in his gold foil experiment, which led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
2. Elastic Scattering: The alpha particle can undergo elastic scattering, where it loses a fraction of its energy but retains its identity. The direction of the particle might change, but it continues on its path.
3. Inelastic Scattering: In some instances, the alpha particle can transfer part of its energy to the atomic nucleus, leading to excitation or ionization of the nucleus. This can result in the emission of gamma rays or other secondary particles.
It is important to note that when alpha particles traverse tiny distances through rock, they tend to undergo multiple interactions before losing most of their energy and coming to a halt. This process is known as alpha-particle stopping power, and it depends on the type of rock and the energy of the alpha particles.
To study alpha scattering and its effects in detail, experimental techniques such as particle accelerators, detectors, and sophisticated measurements are employed. These experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior of subatomic particles and the structure of matter.