How are public policy decisions made?
Are the made based on what voters want?
Are they made to avoid risk entirely or do they involve a balance of risk and benefits?
Or do they include substantial risk? I am not sure.
http://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GGGE_enUS379US379&gcx=w&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=How+are+public+policy+decisions+made%3F
Read widely and take good notes.
I found the answer which was no thanks to this link. It involve a balance of risks and benefits.
Public policy decisions are made through a complex process that involves various actors and factors. The specifics can differ depending on the political system and the context, but here is a general explanation:
1. Identification of Issues: Public policy decisions begin with the identification of issues that require attention. These issues can be identified through public concern, research, expert analysis, or political agendas.
2. Agenda Setting: Once issues are identified, they enter the agenda-setting process. This involves prioritizing which issues will receive attention and resources, often based on political and societal considerations.
3. Policy Formulation: After an issue is included in the agenda, policy formulation takes place. This stage involves the development of potential policy options to address the identified issue. Individuals or groups, such as government officials, legislators, think tanks, or interest groups, propose different policy solutions.
4. Research and Analysis: During policy formulation, extensive research and analysis are conducted to understand the issue, assess different policy options, and predict their potential impacts. Inputs from experts, stakeholders, and public opinion may be considered.
5. Decision-Making: At this stage, decision-makers evaluate the policy options based on various factors, including political feasibility, public opinion, ideological considerations, and expert advice. The decision-making process can take place in legislative bodies, executive offices, or through public consultations.
6. Implementation: Once a policy decision is made, it needs to be implemented. This involves translating the policy into practical actions, setting up necessary administrative structures, allocating resources, and monitoring progress.
7. Evaluation and Revision: After implementation, policy decisions are continuously evaluated to assess their effectiveness, efficiency, and impact. This evaluation process may involve gathering feedback from affected stakeholders, analyzing data, and making adjustments or revisions to improve the policy.
Now, in regard to your specific questions:
1. Are public policy decisions made based on what voters want?
Public policy decisions can be influenced by public opinion and voters' preferences. Election results and public surveys can provide insights into what issues are important to the public. However, it is important to note that public policy decisions may also be shaped by other factors, such as expert advice, political considerations, economic constraints, and the need to balance competing interests.
2. Do public policy decisions aim to avoid risk entirely or involve a balance of risk and benefits?
Public policy decisions usually involve a balance of risk and benefits. Policy-makers assess the potential risks and rewards associated with different policy options. Some policies may carry inherent risks, such as economic restructuring or environmental regulations, but they are often implemented to achieve long-term benefits or mitigate other risks. The level of risk tolerance can vary depending on the specific policy issue, prevailing political and social contexts, and the perceived urgency of action.