You are attempting to determine whether a plant-derived processed food sample (for example, a

corn chip) contains material from a genetically-modified organism (GMO). First, you crush the sample
and attempt to extract DNA from it. Next, you perform PCR using two different sets of primers. One
primer set will amplify a DNA sequence present in all plants. The second primer set will amplify a DNA
sequence only found in GMO plants.

1) Why must you use both sets of primers for this experiment?

You must use both sets of primers for this experiment because they serve different purposes. The first primer set, which amplifies a DNA sequence present in all plants, acts as a positive control. It ensures that the DNA extraction and PCR processes are working correctly. If you fail to amplify the DNA sequence with this primer set, it indicates an issue with your experimental procedure.

On the other hand, the second primer set is specific to DNA sequences found only in GMO plants. By using this primer set, you are essentially trying to amplify DNA that would be unique to GMO plants. If you successfully amplify the DNA sequence with this primer set, it suggests that the sample contains material from a genetically modified organism. However, if the amplification fails, it implies that the sample does not contain DNA from GMO plants.

Using both sets of primers provides more comprehensive information. It allows you to confirm that your experimental setup is functioning correctly while also specifically targeting GMO DNA.