what are the arrangement and motions of molecules of substances in the solid phase, liquid phase, and gaseous phase?

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html

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In the solid phase, molecules are tightly packed together and arranged in a regular, repeating pattern called a crystal lattice. The molecules vibrate in fixed positions, but they do not have enough energy to move around or change positions. This is why solids have a definite shape and volume.

In the liquid phase, molecules are still relatively close together, but they have more freedom to move. They can slide past one another, but they still maintain some degree of cohesion. The arrangement of molecules in a liquid is more random compared to solids, and there is no fixed pattern. Liquids take the shape of their container and have a definite volume.

In the gaseous phase, molecules have a lot of energy and move freely in all directions. They are far apart from each other and do not have any fixed pattern or arrangement. Gas molecules move in a rapid, random motion and collide with each other and the walls of their container. Gases have no definite shape or volume and will expand to fill any container they are placed in.

To understand the arrangement and motions of molecules in different phases, scientists use techniques such as X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and spectroscopy. These methods help researchers visualize and analyze the atomic or molecular structure of substances. Additionally, experimental measurements, simulations, and mathematical models can provide further insights into the behavior and properties of molecules in various phases.