What intermolecular force(s) must be overcome to do the following.

(a) sublime ice

hydrogen bonding
dipole-dipole interactions (not hydrogen bonding)
induced-dipole/induced-dipole forces
ion-dipole force

You can choose one. Can some one please explain. I know the intermolectular forces: Hydrogen bonding, dipole, and dispersion but really need help with ion-dipole and induced dipole.

I am really confused:/

Ion-dipole forces are those between an ion and a dipole; for example, between a chloride ion (Cl^-) and the dipole of a water molecule.

Induced dipole-induced dipole are also called instantaneous dipole-induced dipole. Here is a very good site that explains all of the forces including induced dipole-induced dipole.
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/intermol/intermol.html

To understand which intermolecular forces must be overcome in order to sublime ice, let's break down the process step by step.

Sublimation refers to the phase transition directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. In the case of ice, it is a solid at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure. To convert ice into a gas (water vapor), we need to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold the water molecules together in the solid state.

1. Hydrogen bonding: Ice crystals are made up of water molecules held together by hydrogen bonding. Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are strong intermolecular forces that occur when a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen in water). Subliming ice requires breaking these hydrogen bonds.

2. Dipole-dipole interactions (not hydrogen bonding): Dipole-dipole interactions are weaker intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules. While hydrogen bonding is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction, there can be other polar molecules present in ice that do not form hydrogen bonds. Sublimation also requires breaking these dipole-dipole interactions.

3. Induced-dipole/induced-dipole forces: Also known as London dispersion forces, these are weak intermolecular forces present in all molecules, regardless of their polarity. They occur due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, which can induce a temporary dipole in neighboring molecules. While induced-dipole forces are generally weaker than hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions, they still exist and need to be overcome during sublimation.

4. Ion-dipole force: Ion-dipole forces occur when an ion (charged particle) interacts with a polar molecule. While ice does not naturally contain ions, if ion-containing substances were present in close proximity to the ice, such as dissolved salts or impurities, ion-dipole forces could come into play. However, in the case of pure ice, ion-dipole forces would not be a significant factor in the sublimation process.

In summary, to sublime ice, you must overcome the intermolecular forces of hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions (including both hydrogen bonding and non-hydrogen bonding interactions), and induced-dipole/induced-dipole forces. While ion-dipole forces may not be directly involved with pure ice sublime, they could be relevant if ion-containing substances are present in the system.