how would each error affect the molar mass of antifreeze ( too high, too low, no effect.
a) the thermometer used actually read 1.4 too high
b) after measuring the 50 of distilled water to make an antifreeze solution you spilled some.
c)you lost some of you antifreeze solution before adding it to the water.
d)you spilled some solution before you could determine the freezing point.
2) draw a phase diagram of a pure substance and show how an addition solute would affect the diagram
a) If the thermometer used actually reads 1.4 degrees higher, it would lead to an error of too high of a molar mass of the antifreeze. This is because the temperature affects the density of the antifreeze solution, which is used to calculate the molar mass. A higher temperature reading would result in a higher calculated molar mass.
b) If you spilled some of the distilled water before measuring it to make the antifreeze solution, it would have no effect on the molar mass of the antifreeze. The molar mass is determined by the amount of solute (antifreeze) dissolved in the solvent (distilled water), not by the amount of solvent used.
c) If you lost some of the antifreeze solution before adding it to the water, it would lead to an error of too low of a molar mass of the antifreeze. This is because the molar mass is calculated based on the amount of solute added to the solvent. If some of the solution is lost, the molar mass of the antifreeze would be underestimated.
d) If you spilled some solution before determining the freezing point, it would also have no effect on the molar mass of the antifreeze. The freezing point depression, which is used to calculate the molar mass, is determined by the difference in freezing points between the pure solvent and the antifreeze solution, not by the amount of solution.
To determine the molar mass of the antifreeze accurately, it is important to minimize errors and follow precise measurement techniques while conducting the experiments.