Critically discuss various theory of underdevelopment.Is underdevelopment internally or external induced phenomenon.
To critically discuss various theories of underdevelopment, it is important to first understand the concept of underdevelopment. Underdevelopment refers to the state of socioeconomic conditions in which a country or region has a lower level of productivity, income, and living standards when compared to other countries or regions.
There are several theories that attempt to explain the causes of underdevelopment. These theories can be broadly categorized into internal or external induced theories, although some theories incorporate elements from both perspectives. Let's examine some of the key theories in each category:
1. Internal Induced Theories:
a. Dependency Theory: This theory argues that underdevelopment is a result of the historical and ongoing economic and political dependence of less developed countries on more developed nations. It suggests that the exploitative relationship between former colonizers and colonies hindered the development of local industries and institutions.
b. Structuralist Theory: Originating from Latin America, this theory emphasizes the role of internal factors that create economic structures that perpetuate underdevelopment. It suggests that industrialization based on the export of raw materials leads to a lack of diversification and dependence on external markets, resulting in underdevelopment.
2. External Induced Theories:
a. Modernization Theory: This theory assumes that underdevelopment results from traditional attitudes, values, and institutions that inhibit economic progress. It suggests that underdeveloped countries need to adopt and emulate the economic and social structures of developed nations to achieve modernization and development.
b. The World Systems Theory: This theory argues that underdevelopment is a consequence of the exploitative global capitalist system. It posits that the international division of labor, where core countries dominate trade and investment, perpetuates underdevelopment in peripheral or dependent countries.
It is worth noting that underdevelopment is a complex phenomenon influenced by a combination of internal and external factors. While internal induced theories highlight internal structures and policies as the primary drivers of underdevelopment, external induced theories underscore the impact of historic and ongoing global power dynamics.
Critically discussing these theories requires analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, examining empirical evidence, considering historical context, and understanding the specific dynamics of the countries or regions under evaluation. It is essential to consider multiple perspectives and engage in interdisciplinary research to gain a comprehensive understanding of the causes of underdevelopment.