Consider the phrases “A belief in equal rights has often led to the belief in equality of opportunity;” and “American society does not emphasize equal results or equal rewards;” on p. 141 of the text. Explain these conceptions of equality in 200 to 300 words. Include examples from the text or current events to support your answer.

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I remember the parent who insisted her child take calculus even when the child had just finished Alg II: after all, she was a senior, and the rest of the "smart" seniors were taking Calculus..

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To understand the conceptions of equality presented on page 141 of the text, we need to analyze the phrases "A belief in equal rights has often led to the belief in equality of opportunity" and "American society does not emphasize equal results or equal rewards." These two statements reflect different perspectives on what constitutes equality.

The first phrase suggests that advocating for equal rights often leads to the belief in equality of opportunity. This perspective focuses on ensuring that all individuals have an equal chance to succeed and achieve their goals, regardless of their background or circumstances. For example, advocating for equal rights might entail supporting policies that aim to eliminate discrimination in employment, education, or housing. By ensuring equal opportunities, proponents of this perspective believe that individuals can achieve success based on their abilities and efforts.

On the other hand, the second phrase highlights that American society does not prioritize equal results or rewards. This perspective suggests that while equal opportunities should be promoted, the outcome or rewards individuals receive should not be mandated or enforced to be equal. Instead, they should be determined by individual capabilities, effort, and market forces. This perspective emphasizes the principle of meritocracy, where rewards are based on merit and individual accomplishments, rather than equalizing outcomes.

An example of this perspective can be seen in the context of economic inequality. Some argue that efforts to reduce economic disparities by redistributing wealth or guaranteeing equal outcomes can stifle innovation and individual motivation. Instead, proponents of this perspective prefer to focus on ensuring equal opportunities for all individuals to pursue economic success, while acknowledging that outcomes may vary based on individual choices and abilities.

In current events, these conceptions of equality can be observed in discussions surrounding affirmative action policies. Supporters of equal rights advocate for policies that aim to provide equal opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups, such as race-based affirmative action in college admissions. They argue that such policies are necessary to rectify past discrimination and provide equal chances for success. On the other hand, opponents argue that these policies, while promoting equal opportunities, can be seen as favoring certain groups and potentially undermining the principle of equal results.

Overall, the conceptions of equality presented in these phrases reflect the ongoing debate about the balance between equal opportunities and equal outcomes. Advocates of equal rights often push for equal opportunities, while others emphasize individual merit and market forces in determining rewards.