1.Establishing credibility involves what?
assuring the audience that what you are arguing for is for the general good, a widespread issue or problem, one that they may share with you
citing authorities on the subject who support your point wholeheartedly
arguing that an event is absolutely true
making the reader see that "everyone believes this, so you should too"
Question 2
Logical appeals involve what?
inflated opinions and exaggerated facts
pride, sympathy, and other feelings based on values
factual evidence collected from data and events
appeals to the audience's impressions about the person making the argument
Question 3
An appeal to emotions involves what?
appeals to the audience's sympathy and feelings
generalized ideas that form a coherent whole
distorting evidence so as to make your claims seem more credible
library research, especially quotes from experts in the field
Question 4
Ethical appeals involve what?
discussing facts, statistics, and analogies regarding your topic
ignoring details that your audience may disagree with in favor of putting your claim in the best light
an appeal to the audience's impressions about the person making the argument
impressing your reader with the specialized knowledge you have been able to discover and decipher
Question 5
What are effective ways to establish common ground?
to build consensus by showing the audience beliefs you have in common
to show the audience that those who disagree with you are stupid and untrustworthy
to include a number of quotes by noted experts to remind readers of the importance of your topic
to discuss only those points that support your argument
Question 6
Support for an argument is what?
the assertion or thesis
the underlying assumptions in an argument
material or evidence used to convince the audience
facts the argument is trying to prove
Question 7
What are warrants?
a system developed by Stephen Toulmin
underlying assumptions or principles in an argument
values in an argument
material or evidence used to convince the audience
Question 8
What is deductive reasoning?
drawing a conclusion from assertions; starting with a general premise, you move logically to a conclusion
a conclusion reached with too few examples
explaining the way something works
making conclusions based on observing a number of particular instances
Question 9
What is inductive reasoning?
drawing a conclusion from assertions or premises
assuming that, without proof, if objects are similar in one way, they are similar in other ways
assuming something is true without proof
coming to conclusions based on examples, on observations of particular instances
Question 10
What is a bandwagon logical fallacy?
when the data you gather is actually outdated information
an argument that claims to be sound because many people believe it is true
a mistake in reasoning that occurs when people believe that there is a cause and effect relationship when no such relationship exists
when the conclusion doesnÕt follow logically from the premises
Question 11
What is a non sequitur ?
a line of reasoning in which the conclusion is not a logical result of the premises
several people divide the work on one project
divide and conquer
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Question 12
What is circular reasoning?
doubtful cause
assuming that what has to be proved has already been proved
a fleeting or ephemeral referent
using too few examples to support your claim
Question 13
What is a false analogy?
an unproven assumption that if objects are similar in some ways, they are similar in other ways
a conclusion reached with too few examples
begging the question
undermining the person who is making an argument
Question 14
Why should you avoid making ad hominem arguments?
because the conclusion is not a logical result of the premises
you should not assume that because one event follows another, the second event was caused by the first event
you should avoid reasoning that diverts attention from the quality of the argument to the person offering it
actually, ad hominem arguments are entirely appropriate, so you should incorporate them into your essays
Question 15
Define persuasion, and then give a few examples from our everyday life and culture to demonstrate your understanding of how persuasion works. Answers may vary. Now that you have chosen a few examples of persuasion, discuss each one and how credible its claims are or are not and why you think so. Answers may vary.
Question 16 A successful argument essay ____________________.
may merely cause the reader to understand, but not agree with, your point.
does not necessarily cause the reader to agree with or understand your point.
changes the reader's mind completely about the issue.
always motivates the reader to act.
Question 17
Which of the following is not considered evidence for argumentative essays?
authorities
opinions
facts
statistics
Question 18
Why is it important to address opposing point of views within your argumentative essay?
because it is a part of the process of argument
because doing this will help you meet the page length requirement for your essay
because if you do not then your readers may become angry
because you should deal with the whole argument, not just half
Question 19
Other than evidence, what else might you use to develop an argumentative essay?
examples
comparisons
rhetorical strategies
definition
Question 20
Argumentative thesis statements should ________.
be debatable
be arguable
not have a clear answer
all of the above
My answers
1.assuring the audience that what you are arguing for is for the general good, a widespread issue or problem, one that they may share with you
2.factual evidence collected from data and events
3.appeals to the audience's sympathy and feelings
4.an appeal to the audience's impressions about the person making the argument
5.to build consensus by showing the audience beliefs you have in common
6.facts the argument is trying to prove
7.underlying assumptions or principles in an argument
8.drawing a conclusion from assertions; starting with a general premise, you move logically to a conclusion
9.making conclusions based on observing a number of particular instances
10.an argument that claims to be sound because many people believe it is true
11. a line of reasoning in which the conclusion is not a logical result of the premises
12.assuming that what has to be proved has already been proved
13.an unproven assumption that if objects are similar in some ways, they are similar in other ways
14.you should avoid reasoning that diverts attention from the quality of the argument to the person offering it
16.may merely cause the reader to understand, but not agree with, your point.
17.opinions
18.
because it is a part of the process of argument
19.examples
20.all of the above
1. Establishing credibility involves assuring the audience that what you are arguing for is for the general good, a widespread issue or problem, one that they may share with you. This can be done by presenting evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.
2. Logical appeals involve presenting factual evidence collected from data and events to support your argument. This can be done by citing reliable sources and using logical reasoning to convince the audience of the validity of your argument.
3. An appeal to emotions involves appealing to the audience's sympathy and feelings. This can be done by using stories, personal anecdotes, and vivid language to evoke emotional responses and make the audience more receptive to your argument.
4. Ethical appeals involve appealing to the audience's impressions about the person making the argument. This can be done by demonstrating your credibility, expertise, and trustworthiness, as well as appealing to shared values and moral principles.
5. Effective ways to establish common ground include building consensus by showing the audience beliefs you have in common. This can be done by finding common values, experiences, or concerns that both you and the audience share, and using them as a starting point for your argument.
6. Support for an argument is the material or evidence used to convince the audience. This can include factual information, examples, expert opinions, statistics, and logical reasoning.
7. Warrants are underlying assumptions or principles in an argument. They provide the logical connection between the evidence and the claim. They help establish the relevance and validity of the evidence in supporting the claim.
8. Deductive reasoning is drawing a conclusion from assertions based on logical premises. It starts with a general premise and moves logically to a conclusion. It is often used in mathematics and formal logic.
9. Inductive reasoning is coming to conclusions based on examples and observations of particular instances. It assumes that if objects are similar in one way, they are likely to be similar in other ways. It is often used in scientific research and generalizations based on observations.
10. A bandwagon logical fallacy is an argument that claims to be sound because many people believe it is true. It assumes that a belief or action is valid simply because a lot of people support it. This is a fallacy because the truth of a claim should not be determined by the number of people who believe it.
11. A non sequitur is a line of reasoning in which the conclusion is not a logical result of the premises. It is a fallacy of logic because the conclusion does not logically follow from the evidence or premises presented.
12. Circular reasoning is assuming that what has to be proved has already been proved. It is a fallacy of logic because it is essentially restating the conclusion as evidence for the conclusion without providing any new evidence or reasoning.
13. A false analogy is an unproven assumption that if objects are similar in some ways, they are similar in other ways. It is a fallacy of logic because it assumes a similarity or relationship between two things without sufficient evidence or logical reasoning.
14. Ad hominem arguments should be avoided because they divert attention from the quality of the argument to the person making it. They attack the person rather than addressing the actual argument, and therefore do not contribute to a productive and rational discussion.
15. Persuasion is the act of convincing someone to adopt a certain belief or to take a specific action. Examples of persuasion in everyday life can include advertisements, political speeches, and persuasive essays. The credibility of claims in these examples can vary depending on the evidence presented, the logical reasoning used, and the audience's own beliefs and values.
16. A successful argument essay may merely cause the reader to understand, but not agree with, your point. The purpose of an argument essay is to present a logical and persuasive argument, but it does not guarantee that the reader will agree with or be convinced by your point. Understanding and agreement are not always synonymous.
17. Opinions are not considered evidence for argumentative essays. Evidence should be based on factual information, statistics, expert opinions, and logical reasoning. Opinions are subjective and may vary from person to person.
18. It is important to address opposing points of view within your argumentative essay because it is a part of the process of argument. By acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints, you demonstrate that you have considered multiple perspectives and strengthen your own argument by refuting potential counterarguments.
19. Other than evidence, examples, comparisons, rhetorical strategies, and definition can be used to develop an argumentative essay. Examples can provide concrete illustrations of the argument, comparisons can highlight differences or similarities, rhetorical strategies can enhance persuasion, and definition can clarify key terms or concepts.
20. Argumentative thesis statements should be debatable and arguable. They should present a clear and specific claim that can be supported with evidence and logical reasoning. A thesis statement that has a clear answer or is not open to interpretation does not leave room for debate and argument.