What structure still works to pump out sodium and potassium in while resting to maintain the concentration

gradient?
a. cell body
b. axons
c. dendrites
d. synapse

All of the following are characteristic of the passive potassium channel except _____.
a. found on cell body, axons, and dendrites
b. produces resting membrane potential
c. opened and closed by gates
d. always open

Which of the following is not
characteristic of the sodium channel?
a. Always open.
b. Only sodium may pass through.
c. Found along axons not dendrites.
d. Produces action potential.

Chemcially-gated channels are not found on the _____.
a. dendrites
b. axon
c. cell body

Depolarization causes the _____.
a. voltage-gated potassium channels close
b. voltage-gated sodium channels close
c. voltage-gated potassium channels open
d. voltage-gatred sodium channels open

The name that indicates that the membrane potential is moving from a more positive value toward the
resting membrane potential is _____.
a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. hyperpolarization
d. hypopolarization

Electrical synapses are characterized by all the following except _____,
a. slow speed
b. cannot be inhibitory
c. can synchronize activity of postsynaptic cells
d. signal cannot be modified as it passes from one cell to the next

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a chemical synapse?
a. May be excitatory or inhibitory.
b. Modify the signal as it passes from one cell to the next.
c. Slow speed.
d. Can synchronize activity of postsynaptic cells.

Ach is always excitatory and causes contraction.
a. true
b. false

The effector organs of the autonomic nervous system where Ach is excitatory includes all the following
except the _____.
a. salivary glands
b. heart
c. intestines
d. stomach

Those behaviors that involve the action of indirectly acting neurotransmitters include all except _____.
a. sweating palms
b. heart pounding rapidly
c. falling asleep
d. playing soccer

Which of the following produces EPSP?
a. voltage-gated channels
b. chemically-gated by Ach
c. chemically-gated by GABA
d. none of the above

Chloride ions pass through which channels?
a. voltage-gated channels
b. chemically-gated by Ach
c. chemically-gated by GABA
d. none of the above

Which of the following function for the generation and propagation of action potentials?
a. voltage-gated channels
b. chemically-gated by Ach
c. chemically-gated by GABA
d. none of the above

Which of the following neurotransmitters acts indirectly only?
a. glycine
b. serotonin
c. Ach
d. dopamine

The comparative amplitude of a synaptic potential is _____.
a. small amplitude with a decrease with distance
b. small amplitude with an increase with distance
c. large amplitude with a decrease with distance
d. large amplitude with an increase with distance

The action potential _____.
a. has a small amplitude that decreases with distances
b. continuously regenerates along an entire axon
c. is associated with short-distance signals
d. functions as an input signal of a neuron

The stimulus for opening ion channels of a synaptic potential is a(n) _____.
a. long-distance signal
b. output of a signal
c. voltage change
d. chemical

1. Cell body

To determine the correct answer to these questions, we need to understand the concepts related to the structure and function of neurons and synapses. Let's go through each question and explain how to arrive at the correct answer.

1. What structure still works to pump out sodium and potassium while resting to maintain the concentration gradient?
To answer this question, we need to know which structure is responsible for actively pumping out sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients. The correct answer is the cell body (a). The sodium-potassium pump, located in the cell membrane of the cell body, constantly pumps three sodium ions out of the neuron and two potassium ions in, maintaining a higher concentration of sodium outside the neuron and a higher concentration of potassium inside.

2. All of the following are characteristic of the passive potassium channel except _____.
To answer this question, we need to identify which option does not belong to the characteristics of a passive potassium channel. The correct answer is "always open" (d). Passive potassium channels, also known as leak channels, allow the passive flow of potassium ions across the cell membrane. They are present on the cell body, axons, and dendrites, contribute to the resting membrane potential, and are opened and closed by gates.

3. Which of the following is not characteristic of the sodium channel?
To determine which option does not describe a characteristic of the sodium channel, we need to consider the features of sodium channels. The correct answer is "always open" (a). Unlike potassium channels, sodium channels are not always open. They open and close in response to changes in voltage, allowing sodium to enter the neuron and contribute to the generation of action potentials. Sodium channels are found along axons and dendrites and are responsible for producing action potentials.

4. Chemically-gated channels are not found on the _____.
To determine where chemically-gated channels are not found, we need to understand their distribution in neurons. The correct answer is "axon" (b). Chemically-gated channels, also known as ligand-gated channels, open or close in response to the binding of a specific neurotransmitter. They are found on dendrites and cell bodies, where synaptic communication primarily occurs, and play a crucial role in synaptic transmission.

5. Depolarization causes the _____.
To identify the effect of depolarization, we need to understand its impact on voltage-gated channels. The correct answer is "voltage-gated potassium channels to open" (c). During depolarization, the membrane potential becomes less negative (or positive) due to the influx of positive ions, such as sodium. This change in voltage triggers voltage-gated potassium channels to open and allow the efflux of potassium ions, leading to repolarization.

6. The name that indicates that the membrane potential is moving from a more positive value toward the resting membrane potential is _____.
To identify the term that describes the movement of the membrane potential towards the resting state, we need to understand the different terms related to changes in membrane potential. The correct answer is "repolarization" (b). Repolarization refers to the process of the membrane potential returning from a more positive or depolarized state back to its resting potential, which is typically negative.

7. Electrical synapses are characterized by all the following except _____.
To identify the characteristic that does not apply to electrical synapses, we need to understand the features that distinguish them from chemical synapses. The correct answer is "slow speed" (a). Electrical synapses allow for the direct flow of electrical current between cells through gap junctions, resulting in extremely fast communication compared to chemical synapses. This rapid communication allows for quick synchronization of activity between the interconnected cells.

8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a chemical synapse?
To identify the characteristic that does not apply to chemical synapses, we need to understand their features. The correct answer is "slow speed" (c). Chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, binding to postsynaptic receptors, and initiating a response in the postsynaptic neuron. While chemicals synapses can modulate the signal passing from one cell to the next and synchronize activity, they typically operate at a rapid speed compared to electrical synapses.

9. Ach is always excitatory and causes contraction.
To determine the accuracy of this statement about Ach, we need to understand the effects of acetylcholine (Ach) in different parts of the autonomic nervous system. The correct answer is "false" (b). Acetylcholine can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects, depending on the specific receptors it binds to and the target organ. While Ach causes muscle contraction in skeletal muscles (excitatory effect), it can also cause relaxation in some smooth muscles (inhibitory effect), such as those in the intestines.

10. The effector organs of the autonomic nervous system where Ach is excitatory include all the following except the _____.
To identify which organ is not affected by excitatory effects of Ach, we need to understand the role of acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system. The correct answer is "intestines" (c). Acetylcholine is generally excitatory in the autonomic nervous system, stimulating the smooth muscles of various organs. However, in the intestines, Ach has both excitatory and inhibitory effects, depending on the specific receptors present.