What key words tell you that the Hypothesis is to be set up as a 1 Tail UPPER?

To determine whether a hypothesis should be set up as a one-tail upper test, you need to look for specific keywords or phrases in the question or problem prompt, which typically indicate a directionality of effect. Here are some key words that often suggest setting up a hypothesis as a one-tail upper test:

1. "Greater than" or "more than": If the question asks whether a certain group or treatment is expected to have a greater value or produce higher results compared to another group, it suggests an upper-tail hypothesis. For example: "Does the new medication result in more weight loss than the placebo?"

2. "Improvement" or "increase": If the question is focused on determining whether an intervention or treatment produces improvement or increase in a specific variable, it usually implies an upper-tail hypothesis. For example: "Does the aerobic exercise program lead to an improvement in cardiovascular fitness?"

3. "Above a certain threshold" or "at least": If the question requires observing if a value exceeds a specified threshold or if there is a minimum requirement, it indicates an upper-tail hypothesis. For example: "Is the mean IQ score of a certain population above 100?"

It's important to carefully read the question or problem prompt to identify any such keywords or phrases that hint towards a specific direction of effect. However, please note that the choice of a one-tail upper hypothesis ultimately depends on the specific research question and context.