27. Which of the following is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

a. ATP is produced during glycolysis
b. Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol or lactate
c. The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across a membrane
d. An organic hydrogen acceptor recycles NAD+

7. An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring that are
a. all the same genotype
b. all the same phenotype
c. of two different phenotypes
d. of three different phenotypes

12. Mendel's law of segregation states that
a. pairs of alleles are dependant on one another when separation occurs during gamete formation.
b. pairs of alleles separate independently of one another after gamete formation.
c. each pair of alleles remains together when gametes are formed
d. the two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed
D?

Thanks
-MC

We have done 27 before. Glycosis is not altered in either type of respiration.

7

AA x Aa
AA Aa AA Aa
looks like two phenotypes

12.D.

To find the correct answers to these questions, let's go through each option and eliminate the ones that are not true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

27. Which of the following is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

a. ATP is produced during glycolysis: This statement is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. During glycolysis, which is the first step of both types of respiration, ATP is indeed produced. So, this option is correct.

b. Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol or lactate: This statement is only true for anaerobic respiration, specifically in organisms like yeast, which produces ethanol, or certain bacteria, which produce lactate. Aerobic respiration, on the other hand, breaks down pyruvate to generate more ATP through the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

c. The electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions across a membrane: This statement is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. In both types of respiration, during the electron transport chain stage, hydrogen ions (also known as protons) are pumped across a membrane to create a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis. So, this option is correct.

d. An organic hydrogen acceptor recycles NAD+: This statement is true for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. NAD+ is an important molecule involved in respiration, and in both aerobic and anaerobic processes, an organic hydrogen acceptor (usually NADH or FADH2) is used to transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain. This molecule is then recycled back to NAD+ to restart the cycle. So, this option is correct.

Therefore, the correct answer for question 27 is: a, c, d.

Moving on to question 7:

7. An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring that are:

a. all the same genotype: This option is incorrect because when an individual heterozygous for a trait (e.g., Aa) is crossed with an individual homozygous recessive for the trait (e.g., aa), the offspring will have different genotypes.

b. all the same phenotype: This option is also incorrect. Even though all the offspring may have the same genotype (Aa), their phenotype (e.g., the physical appearance or expression of the trait) will depend on the dominance or recessiveness of the alleles involved.

c. of two different phenotypes: This option is correct. The offspring may have different phenotypes, depending on whether the trait is dominant or recessive. In this specific scenario, since one parent is homozygous recessive (aa), the recessive trait will be expressed in some of the offspring, while others may exhibit the dominant trait.

d. of three different phenotypes: This option is incorrect. In the given scenario, there are only two alleles involved, and therefore, there will be a maximum of two different phenotypes, corresponding to the dominant and recessive traits.

Therefore, the correct answer for question 7 is: c.

Lastly, for question 12:

12. Mendel's law of segregation states that:

a. pairs of alleles are dependent on one another when separation occurs during gamete formation: This statement is incorrect. Mendel's law of segregation states that pairs of alleles for a trait separate or segregate from each other during gamete formation. This means that an individual will only pass on one allele to each gamete.

b. pairs of alleles separate independently of one another after gamete formation: This statement is also incorrect. Mendel's law of segregation focuses on the separation of alleles during gamete formation, not after.

c. each pair of alleles remains together when gametes are formed: This statement is incorrect. Again, Mendel's law of segregation explains that pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.

d. the two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed: This statement is correct. Mendel's law of segregation states that the two alleles for a trait separate or segregate when gametes are formed. This ensures that each gamete receives only one allele from each parent.

Therefore, the correct answer for question 12 is: d.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any more questions.