i have to do a chi square test based on the genetics of corn. I predicted that the ratio for the results below would be 8:2:2:1 and it works for the chi-square test. but then i have to say what the genotypes would be for each of the parents to match the ratio but i don't think any genotypes for parents would exist. did i do something wrong, what would be the real phenotypic ratio that I could get genotypes of the parent for?

Data:
yellow smooth kernels: 363
Yellow wrinkled kernels: 93
white smooth: 100
white wrinkled: 58

To determine if you made any errors or find the correct phenotypic ratio, let's first understand the concepts involved and how to calculate the expected ratios using a chi-square test.

In genetics, the phenotypic ratio represents the observed characteristics or traits in a population resulting from a specific genetic cross or experiment. The expected phenotypic ratio can be calculated based on Mendelian genetics.

To perform a chi-square test, you compare the observed values (your data) with the expected values (the values you would expect to see if your predicted ratio is correct). The chi-square test determines whether the difference between the observed and expected values is statistically significant or due to chance.

Now, let's calculate the expected phenotypic ratios using the predicted genotypic ratios you mentioned (8:2:2:1):

1. Start with the concept of independent assortment: assuming the genes responsible for kernel color (yellow or white) and kernel texture (smooth or wrinkled) segregate independently during genetic transmission.
2. Multiply the ratios for each characteristic to obtain the combined genotypic ratio:
- Yellow kernels: 8/13 * Total = expected number of yellow kernels.
- White kernels: 3/13 * Total = expected number of white kernels.
- Smooth kernels: 10/13 * Total = expected number of smooth kernels.
- Wrinkled kernels: 3/13 * Total = expected number of wrinkled kernels.

Note: The total will be the sum of all the observed values, which is 363 + 93 + 100 + 58 = 614.

3. Now, calculate the expected phenotypic ratios using the combined genotypic ratios:
- Ratio of yellow smooth kernels: (8/13) * (10/13) * Total
- Ratio of yellow wrinkled kernels: (8/13) * (3/13) * Total
- Ratio of white smooth kernels: (3/13) * (10/13) * Total
- Ratio of white wrinkled kernels: (3/13) * (3/13) * Total

Compare these expected phenotypic ratios with your observed ratios to see if they are significantly different using the chi-square test. If the observed and expected values are similar, it suggests your predicted ratios are valid.

Regarding the genotypes of the parents, based on the phenotypic ratios you provided, it seems that you are dealing with a multigene trait involving more than one genetic locus. In this case, it is difficult to determine the precise genotypes of the parents since multiple combinations can produce the same phenotypic ratios.

To identify the true genotypes of the parents, you may need more information, such as results from additional crosses, genetic markers, or genetic mapping. Without these additional details, it isn't possible to determine the exact genotypes of the parents from the phenotypic ratios provided.