The phenomenon of vote fraud has led some scholars to conclude that

a. confidence in government has undergone a genuine decline in this century.
b. confidence in government has undergone only an apparent decline
c. voter turnout has increased dramatically.
d. the decline in voter turnout in the 20th century has been apparent not real.

d) because before the 20th century voters would be given multiple identities by party machines and so they would vote more than once in elections so it appeared that voter turnout was high and that it has declined during the 20th century. Actually it has seemed to decline because vote fraud has been declined not voter turnout.

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To determine the answer to this question, we need to analyze the phenomenon of vote fraud and its potential impact on confidence in government and voter turnout. Let's break down each option:

a. Confidence in government has undergone a genuine decline in this century.
This option suggests that vote fraud has contributed to a real decline in confidence in government. To examine this, we should look for evidence showing a correlation between instances of vote fraud and a decline in confidence in government.

b. Confidence in government has undergone only an apparent decline.
This option implies that the decline in confidence in government isn't genuine but rather appears to be due to vote fraud. To evaluate this, we should explore any factors other than vote fraud that might affect confidence in government.

c. Voter turnout has increased dramatically.
This option suggests that vote fraud has resulted in a significant increase in voter turnout. To assess this, we should investigate any data indicating a rise in voter turnout and its correlation with vote fraud.

d. The decline in voter turnout in the 20th century has been apparent, not real.
This option implies that the decline in voter turnout observed in the 20th century isn't real and is instead attributable to vote fraud. To verify this claim, we should investigate the patterns of voter turnout and any influence vote fraud may have had.

By conducting further research on the topic, such as analyzing studies, surveys, and historical data, we can come to a more informed conclusion about the impact of vote fraud on confidence in government and changes in voter turnout. Remember to consult credible sources for accurate and reliable information.