what are magic squares?
what is mathematical logic?
Since this is not my area of expertise, I searched Google under the key words "mathematical logic" to get these possible sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic
http://www.math.psu.edu/simpson/courses/math557/logic.pdf
You can do the same under "math magic squares".
In the future, you can find the information you desire more quickly, if you use appropriate key words to do your own search. Also see http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/.
I hope this helps. Thanks for asking.
ahhh, magic squares, one of my favourite topics in recreational math
they have been known for hundreds of years,
Antonio Gaudi incorporated a 4x4 magic square in his famous basilica in Barcelona
http://www.pballew.net/magsquar.html
and Albrecht Duerer had a differengt 4x4 in one of his illustrations
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Diagrams/Melancholia.jpeg
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Diagrams/Durers_square.jpeg
A magic square is a square grid of numbers where the sum of each row, column, and diagonal is always the same. Each number in the square is unique and typically ranges from 1 to the total number of cells in the grid.
To understand mathematical logic, we first need to understand the term "logic." Logic is the study of reasoning and arguments, focusing on principles for valid and correct reasoning. It is the foundation of mathematics and helps us analyze and understand mathematical statements and proofs. Mathematical logic is a branch of mathematics that specifically deals with formal systems and the study of logical relationships between mathematical statements. It involves symbolic representation and manipulation of mathematical concepts to establish theorems and proofs, ensuring the consistency and validity of mathematical reasoning.