what properties/features of DNA allow DNA to have uniformity and be a universal molecule?

The uniformity and universality of DNA can primarily be attributed to its specific properties and features. These include its double-stranded helical structure, base pairing, and the genetic code.

1. Double-stranded helical structure: DNA consists of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix. This structure provides stability and protection for the genetic information encoded within DNA. The two strands are complementary, meaning that the sequence of nucleotide bases on one strand correlates with the sequence on the other strand. This complementary structure allows for accurate replication and transmission of genetic information.

2. Base pairing: The nucleotide bases in DNA - adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) - have a specific pairing pattern. Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine, and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. This base pairing rule ensures that the two strands of DNA can bind together in a specific and predictable manner. It also facilitates DNA replication, as each strand serves as a template to create its complementary strand.

3. Genetic code: The genetic code is a set of rules that specifies how the sequence of DNA bases corresponds to the amino acids that make up proteins. This code is nearly universal among all living organisms. For example, the sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, represents a particular amino acid. This consistency in the genetic code allows for the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA, and ultimately to proteins, in a universal manner across different organisms.

Overall, the double-stranded helical structure, base pairing, and the genetic code collectively contribute to the uniformity and universality of DNA as the hereditary molecule in all known forms of life.