What is traditional moral and political philosophies and modern moral and political philosophies?

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It sort of depends on where you draw the line, but older political philosophies would include those of Plato, Aristotle, Montesquieu, Locke, Hegel, Hobbes, etc. Older moral or ethical philosophy is embodied in the Biblical traditions, Buddhism, etc, as well as, again, Plato, then Kant, Locke, Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, et al. Modern political philosophy might be construed as beginning with Marx and includes the ideas of such diverse thinkers as Hannah Arendt, John Rawls and Michael Waltzer. Modern ethical philosophers include G. E. Moore, Dewey, Putnam, Donald Davidson, Philipa Foot, et al. Google is your friend here.

Do not forget about Jeremy Bentham, Joe. One can take entire courses about this, Sara.

Traditional moral and political philosophies refer to the foundational theories and ideas developed by ancient philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, among others. These philosophies aimed at understanding and prescribing how individuals should behave ethically, as well as how societies should be structured and governed.

To get a thorough understanding of traditional moral and political philosophies, you can start by studying the works of these influential thinkers. Reading Plato's "Republic" or Aristotle's "Politics" will provide you with insights into their theories on justice, virtue, and the ideal forms of government. Additionally, exploring the moral teachings of Confucius in his work "The Analects" can help you understand the social and political aspects emphasized in Confucianism.

Modern moral and political philosophies, on the other hand, emerged in more recent centuries and are influenced by the cultural changes and intellectual advancements. These philosophies have been shaped by thinkers such as John Locke, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

To delve into modern moral and political philosophies, read works like Locke's "Second Treatise of Government," which discusses natural rights and limited government, or Kant's "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals," which explores the concept of moral duty and the categorical imperative. Mill's "Utilitarianism" and Rousseau's "The Social Contract" are also essential readings, as they address concepts like the greatest good for the greatest number and the idea of the general will.

By studying the works of both traditional and modern philosophers, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the development and evolution of moral and political theories throughout history.