why is electricity able to pass through a penny, nickel, and a dime but can't pass through paper, foil, and plastic?

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electricity is electrons. They can be conducted through metals, but not non-metals. Why? Because metals have atoms that allow electrons to be loosly attached and move, but kinds of atoms that don't allow this movement are without electron flow from atom to atom..they are non-conductors.

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The ability of electricity to pass through certain materials, known as electrical conductivity, depends on the properties of those materials. Generally, substances that are good conductors of electricity allow electric charges to flow easily through them, while poor conductors, or insulators, restrict the flow of electricity.

In the case of coins like a penny, nickel, and dime, they are made of metals, which are excellent conductors of electricity. Metals have free electrons that are loosely bound to their atoms, allowing them to move freely and carry electric charges. When an electric current is applied to a metallic coin, these free electrons help facilitate the flow of electricity through the coin.

On the other hand, paper, foil, and plastic are examples of insulating materials. Insulators have tightly bound electrons, which cannot move as freely as in conductors. As a result, insulators do not allow electric charges to flow easily through them. When electricity encounters these materials, their high resistance prevents the flow of electric current. This is why you may have observed that paper, foil, and plastic do not conduct electricity.

To further understand and verify the conductive properties of different materials, you can perform an experiment with a battery, wires, and the materials you mentioned. By connecting the positive and negative terminals of the battery to the wires and testing whether the materials complete the circuit by allowing electricity to flow or not, you can determine their conductive or insulating nature.