10 subjects consumed 8 cups of coffee within 1 hour. and 10 subjects consumed 8 cups of water in the same time period. The subjects were asked to collect and measure the amount of urine they produced.

a) what is the probable hypothesis or relationship being tested by this student?

b) Name three or more controls that should be in place in order to ensure that the experiment results are valid?

c)Predict the probable results? Explain

What do you think?

We'll be glad to check your answers.

a) to see which of the two groups produce more or less urine.

b) them same amount of subjects in each group, the same amount of liquid consummed. and at the same time.

c) I think the subject drinking the water will produce more urine, than the coffe drinkers. But I am not sure why.

A hypothesis states the outcome the researcher expects. Your hypothesis is that water drinkers will produce more urine.

For b, you may want to make sure that all subjects have emptied their bladders before starting the experiment. Also, what about the ages, sizes, and physical conditions of the subjects?

You may want to check this article about diuretics.

http://www.everydiet.org/diet/diuretic-diet

the removal of urea is a critical function of the kidneys. Explain the origin of urea and the mechanism by which kdneys ensure its secretion.

a) The probable hypothesis or relationship being tested by this student could be the effect of coffee consumption on urine production compared to water consumption. The student may be investigating whether coffee, as a diuretic, leads to increased urine production compared to water.

b) In order to ensure that the experiment results are valid, the following controls should be in place:

1. Randomization: The subjects should be randomly assigned to the coffee or water group to avoid any potential bias in the selection process.

2. Time: Ensure that the subjects consume the coffee or water within the same time frame, i.e., 1 hour, to eliminate any confounding factors related to the time of consumption.

3. Volume: Ensure that both the coffee and water groups consume the same volume, i.e., 8 cups, to control for the amount of liquid consumed.

4. Similar conditions: Ensure that the subjects are in similar conditions during the experiment, such as ambient temperature, physical activity, and dietary restrictions, to avoid any additional factors influencing urine production.

c) The probable results can be predicted based on the known diuretic effect of coffee. It is expected that the group consuming coffee will produce more urine compared to the group consuming water. This is because coffee contains caffeine, which acts as a diuretic and stimulates urine production. Therefore, the subjects consuming coffee are likely to produce a larger amount of urine compared to the subjects consuming water within the given time period.