can somebody please explain the relationship between
the structure of DNA, protein
structure and the phenotype of an
organism and
the relationship between DNA chromatin and chromosome
Since this is not my area of expertise, I searched Google under the key words "DNA chromatin chromosome" to get these possible sources:
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/eukarychrom/eukaryo3.htm
http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/03Nucleus.pdf
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_BIO/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome
http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/chromo.htm
For the first question, I used "DNA 'protein structure' phenotype" as key words to find these sources:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/genotype-phenotype/
http://homepages.which.net/~gk.sherman/gaaaaaad.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/391114/Bioinformatics-Lookup-Table
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDNAMOLGEN.html
In the future, you can find the information you desire more quickly, if you use appropriate key words to do your own search. Also see http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/.
I hope this helps. Thanks for asking.
Certainly! Let's break down each of these relationships:
1. Relationship between DNA Structure, Protein Structure, and Phenotype:
DNA is the genetic material that contains all the instructions needed for an organism to develop and function. It is made up of a double helix structure, consisting of two strands of nucleotides. These nucleotides include the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
The sequence of these bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Proteins, on the other hand, are large, complex molecules that perform various functions within an organism. They are made up of chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines the structure and function of a protein.
The relationship between the structure of DNA and protein is based on the genetic code. The DNA sequence contains information that is transcribed into RNA molecules, which are then translated into specific sequences of amino acids to form a protein. This process is known as gene expression. The specific proteins produced as a result of gene expression play a crucial role in determining an organism's phenotype, which refers to its observable traits or characteristics.
For example, certain genes may code for proteins that are involved in the development of body structures, such as the formation of limbs or the development of eye color. Any changes or mutations in the DNA sequence can alter the structure of the protein, which can affect its function. These changes can consequently lead to variations in the phenotype, causing differences in traits between individuals.
2. Relationship between DNA, Chromatin, and Chromosomes:
DNA is organized in a condensed and tightly packaged structure called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. The DNA and histones together form a complex structure known as a nucleosome.
Chromosomes, on the other hand, are thread-like structures made up of DNA and protein. They are the condensed form of chromatin that are visible during cell division. When a cell undergoes division, the chromatin fibers further condense and form distinct chromosomes.
The relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes is crucial for the organization and protection of genetic material. Chromatin allows the long DNA strands to be compacted, while still allowing access to the necessary genes for gene expression. During cellular division, the DNA is replicated and each copy is tightly wound to form a chromosome.
The number and structure of chromosomes are characteristic to each species. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes in most cells, while fruit flies have only 8 chromosomes. Variations in the number or structure of chromosomes can result in chromosomal disorders or genetic abnormalities.
In summary, the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which in turn affects the phenotype of an organism. DNA is organized as chromatin, which condenses during cell division to form chromosomes. Chromosomes play a role in the proper distribution of genetic material during cell division and help maintain the stability of the genome.