Describe the organization of the animal kingdom and at least 6 physical characteristics scientists consider to determine the evolutionary relationships among animals.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia

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The animal kingdom, also known as Animalia, is a large and diverse group of organisms that includes all animals. It is classified into various hierarchical levels called taxonomic ranks, which help to organize and categorize animals based on their evolutionary relationships. The main levels of organization are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

Now, when scientists study the evolutionary relationships among animals, they consider several physical characteristics or traits. Here are six key characteristics that scientists often use:

1. Body Symmetry: This trait describes the arrangement of body parts relative to a central axis. There are three types of body symmetry: bilateral symmetry (e.g., humans), radial symmetry (e.g., starfish), and asymmetry (e.g., sponges). Comparing symmetry helps determine relationships between different animal groups.

2. Body Plan: The anatomical structure, development, and body organization can provide insights into evolutionary relationships. For example, scientists analyze how tissues, organs, and body systems are organized and developed among different animals.

3. Presence of Segmentation: Segmented body structure is often considered a crucial feature in establishing evolutionary relationships. Animals like earthworms and arthropods have distinct segments, while others lack segmentation (e.g., jellyfish). Comparing the presence or absence of segments can help determine relationships.

4. Developmental Patterns: The study of embryological development provides valuable information about evolutionary relationships. Scientists examine traits like cleavage patterns, early cell division, and the formation of tissue layers during the developmental stages of animals.

5. Presence of a Nervous System: It is essential to study the presence and complexity of the nervous system across different animal groups. The nervous systems vary greatly, from simple nerve nets in jellyfish to complex brains and nervous systems in mammals. Comparing the nervous system helps determine evolutionary relationships.

6. Body Appendages: The presence, arrangement, and adaptations of body appendages, such as limbs, wings, fins, or antennae, can provide insights into evolutionary relationships. Scientists analyze how these specialized structures have evolved and are used across different animal groups.

Please note that these characteristics are just a few examples, and scientists consider many more traits when determining evolutionary relationships among animals. Comparing and contrasting such characteristics helps scientists construct phylogenetic trees, which represent the evolutionary history and relationships between different animal species.