Explain the Mandate of Heaven.

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http://712educators.about.com/cs/chinalessons/l/bllectchina1hea.htm

The Mandate of Heaven is a concept in ancient Chinese philosophy and political theory. It was believed to be a divine right granted by heaven to the ruler of China, thereby legitimizing the ruler's authority and maintaining social order. This concept played a crucial role in the dynastic cycle of Chinese history.

To understand the Mandate of Heaven, it is essential to grasp the historical context and how it was invoked. Here's how you can acquire a deeper understanding:

1. Begin with ancient Chinese history: Familiarize yourself with the period known as the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE). It was during this time that the concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first developed.

2. Study the Zhou texts: Read or study ancient texts such as the Yijing (Book of Changes) and Shujing (Book of Documents). These texts contain early references to the Mandate of Heaven and its significance in the governance of the ruling dynasty.

3. Learn about the founding of the Zhou Dynasty: Understand the circumstances under which the Zhou Dynasty overthrew the previous Shang Dynasty. According to the ancient Chinese belief, the Zhou overthrow was deemed legitimate because they claimed to have been granted the Mandate of Heaven.

4. Familiarize yourself with key principles: The concept of the Mandate of Heaven established several key principles, including the belief that heaven, as a divine entity, selected rulers based on their virtue, ability, and moral conduct. It also stated that a ruler must govern justly, protect the welfare of the people, and maintain harmony and stability.

5. Understand the dynastic cycle: The Mandate of Heaven was tied to the dynastic cycle, a recurring pattern in Chinese history. It posits that a ruler who fails to fulfill their responsibilities or becomes corrupt can lose the Mandate of Heaven, leading to social unrest, natural disasters, and ultimately the downfall of the dynasty.

6. Observe the signs: According to Chinese thought, the heavens communicate their judgment through various signs, including floods, famines, rebellions, or celestial events. These signs were believed to signal the loss of the Mandate, prompting rebellion and the rise of a new dynasty.

By studying these aspects, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the Mandate of Heaven and its role in ancient Chinese society and governance.