1. a geologist claims to have found a sealed chamber below earths surface filled with air that is over 3.6 billion years old. How would such air be different from the air we breath today?

2. scientist think that the first life forms probably arose from nonliving materials. Explain how Urey and Millers experiment supports this theory

3. What do scientists think were the characteristics of the first life forms?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_life

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1. To understand how the air in the sealed chamber could be different from the air we breathe today, we need to investigate the composition of the Earth's atmosphere over time. One approach is to analyze air bubbles trapped in ice cores, which provide historical data on atmospheric composition.

To compare the air in the sealed chamber to present-day air, we can examine the changes in the major gases that make up our atmosphere. Currently, the Earth's atmosphere is composed mostly of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%) along with trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide and noble gases.

However, in the past, the Earth's atmosphere had a significantly different composition. For example, almost 3.6 billion years ago, the atmosphere was primarily composed of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and smaller amounts of methane and ammonia. Oxygen levels were much lower or even nonexistent.

If the geologist's claim is accurate, the air in the sealed chamber could potentially still contain higher levels of carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and ammonia compared to our current atmosphere. The absence or lower levels of oxygen would also be expected.

2. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted a famous experiment in 1953 known as the Miller-Urey experiment. They aimed to simulate the conditions speculated to have existed on early Earth and test whether complex organic compounds, which are the building blocks of life, could be formed from simpler molecules.

In their experiment, Miller and Urey created a closed system that replicated the conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere, including factors like high heat, electric discharge, and a mix of simple gases like methane, ammonia, water vapor, and hydrogen. These conditions were hypothesized to represent the primitive atmosphere of Earth.

By passing electrical sparks through the system to simulate lightning, they observed that after several days, a variety of complex organic molecules had formed. These molecules included amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins and are essential for life.

This experiment supported the theory that the first life forms could have arisen from nonliving materials through chemical reactions occurring in the early Earth's environment. It demonstrated that under certain conditions, organic molecules, which are necessary for life, could be created from simpler inorganic compounds.

3. The characteristics of the first life forms on Earth are not precisely known, as there is limited direct evidence from that time. However, scientists have proposed several theories based on extrapolating from what we know about modern living organisms and studying the simplest existing life forms.

The first life forms are believed to have been simple, single-celled organisms or microorganisms. They were likely anaerobic, meaning they did not require oxygen and likely existed in environments where oxygen was scarce or absent. These early life forms were hypothesized to obtain energy through simple metabolic processes, such as fermentation or by utilizing chemical reactions involving simple compounds like sulfur or iron.

The first life forms may have possessed self-replicating molecules, capable of reproducing and passing on their genetic information. It is believed that these molecules eventually evolved into more complex genetic systems, including the use of DNA as the primary genetic material.

It's important to note that our understanding of the characteristics of the first life forms is continually evolving as new evidence and research emerge. The study of the origin of life is a complex and ongoing field of scientific investigation.